Translation Available Archives - Just Security https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/translation-available/ A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security Fri, 19 Dec 2025 16:13:19 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=32%2C32&ssl=1 Translation Available Archives - Just Security https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/translation-available/ 32 32 77857433 Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection Mon, 20 Oct 2025 16:40:02 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=81789 Updated with new analysis of how key words, phrases, and themes appear to express intent to eliminate Ukraine or Ukrainians as a nation-state, people, or culture.

The post Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection appeared first on Just Security.

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(Editor’s note: This article, with the tracker by Clara Apt, originally published on June 6, 2022 and updated regularly, is now updated with a new introduction examining patterns in the rhetoric over time and conclusions drawn by analysts and historians. Examples added to the chart for its Oct. 8 publication continue to be noted in red as “New” or “Updated.” Попередня версія цієї статті доступна українською тут.)

Legal and policy experts and historians for the U.S. Congressional Research Service, the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights with New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy, Ukraine’s National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, and Harvard Law School’s International Human Rights Clinic with the International Partnership for Human Rights – all have noted a pattern since Russia’s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine: persistent rhetoric by Russian leaders and their associates that goes far beyond the ordinary bounds of verbal hostilities towards a wartime enemy, and may constitute evidence of  genocidal intent.

A number of such reports and briefs have cited Just Security’s chart below, which documents more than 500 examples of eliminationist rhetoric against Ukraine by Russian government officials, media commentators, and other public figures close to the Kremlin since the February 2022 invasion. The resource records genocidal, dehumanizing themes appearing to express an intent to eliminate the Ukrainian nation. The invective occurs in addresses, news articles, and social media posts issued by no less than Russian President Vladimir Putin, Deputy Chairman of Russia’s Security Council Dmitry Medvedev, and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov, as well as Patriarch and Russian Orthodox Bishop Kirill of Moscow, Russian State TV presenter Vladimir Solovyov, and Zakhar Vinogradov, editor-in-chief of the state-owned publication Ukraina.ru, among others.

Alongside the intensifying bombardments across Ukraine in more than three years of full-scale war, the clear and pervasive Russian rhetoric “compels us to conclude that the Russian Federation has not only continued but escalated its efforts to commit genocide,” wrote Kennesaw State University Professor Kristina Hook and four legal advisers in a July 2023 report for New Lines and the Wallenberg Centre, updating an analysis they issued in May 2022.

A legal memorandum to Ukraine’s Office of the Prosecutor General from Harvard’s International Human Rights Clinic (IHRC) and the International Partnership for Human Rights (IPHR) stated, “Russian officials’ declared intent is to target the Ukrainian nation, both physically and ideologically, and eliminate any manifestation of its collective identity.”

Long before the February 2022 invasion and even prior to Putin’s 2014 capture of Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula, analysts had noted the threatening rhetoric against Ukraine by the Russian president and figures within his control. Dating at least to 2008 or 2009, increasingly hostile language laid the groundwork for rejecting Ukraine’s existence as a state, a national group, and a culture.

In May 2022, Beth Van Schaack, then-U.S. ambassador-at-large for global criminal justice, observed to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in response to a question about the Russian atrocities coming to light in Ukraine, “Some of the genocidal rhetoric that we’re hearing out of Russia is extremely worrying.”

Experts such as Francine Hirsch, a professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and author of “Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg,” pointed early on to such language as evidence of genocidal intent toward the Ukrainian people. Whether and how the concept of “genocide” applies to Russia’s campaign against Ukraine is the subject of debate, notwithstanding the reference in Article II of the Genocide Convention to “the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such.” A related issue under discussion is a concept often referred to as “cultural genocide,” which generally connotes the intentional destruction of a group’s identity even in the absence of mass killings. “These calls for ‘de-Ukrainization’ are an incitement to genocide: to ‘destroy, in whole or in part,’ the Ukrainian nation,” Hirsch wrote in April 2022. And Yale University history professor Timothy Snyder, in reference to the same article in the Russian outlet RIA Novosti that prompted Hirsch’s conclusion, wrote, “Russia has just issued a genocide handbook for its war on Ukraine.”

Just Security’s documentation indicates several themes in Russia’s eliminationist rhetoric:

  1. The denial of Ukrainian identity and statehood. Russian leaders and propagandists portray Ukraine as having “always” been an inseparable part of Russia. They argue there is “no historical basis” for an independent Ukrainian state, delegitimize the country’s current government, and claim that Ukraine’s existence threatens Russian security. According to Mykola Riabchuck, a Ukrainian poet, author, and essayist who is an honorary president of Ukrainian PEN-center, this perception of Ukraine as a “historical aberration” with no right to exist legitimates the so-called “special military operation,” which intends to return Ukrainian territories to Russian control, as was the case in the Soviet Union.
  2. The desire to eliminate the Ukrainian national group. Russian officials and others close to the Kremlin – including media personalities – express a desire or intent to destroy Ukraine’s culture and even the very existence of its population. Russian politicians and media figures have endorsed “total Russification,” “a complete ban” on teaching Ukrainian language,” “partially squeez[ing] out” of Ukrainians disloyal to Russia, wiping the country’s decision-making centers “off the face of the earth,” and incorporating Ukrainian territory into Russia so that “there are no more remnants of Ukraine.” This discourse presents “cultural eradication” as a “moral necessity” to salvage Ukraine, aiming to “create a generation of Ukrainians who identify as Russians,” writes political scientist Martin Laryš, deputy research director at the Institute of International Relations Prague.
  3. The dehumanization of Ukrainians. Russian eliminationist rhetoric characterizes Ukrainians as subhumans requiring spiritual cleansing and treatment. State officials and others have referred to Ukrainians as “tumors,” “rabid dogs,” “cockroaches,” “lice” and “vermin” that Russia must “disinfect,” while also alluding to a larger Ukrainian “organism” no longer capable of “reproducing itself.” There is a precedent for such dehumanizing terminologies in past genocides, write National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy professors Denys Azarov, Dmytro Koval, Gaiane Nuridzhanian, and Volodymyr Venher. Tutsis were labelled “cockroaches” in Rwanda, while the Nazis referred to Jews as “lice” and “rats.”

Civil society organizations, legal scholars, and others are concluding that eliminationist rhetoric by Russian state officials and other affiliated individuals incites genocide and expresses a willingness to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity:

  • The July 2023 report by the New Lines Institute and the Wallenberg Centre concluded that Russia’s public messages of incitement to genocide have intensified throughout the war, with new dehumanization tropes and narratives. This incitement provides evidence that Russia has a “general plan” to “destroy the Ukrainian national group.”
  • An October 2023 Congressional Research Service report found that statements by senior Russian officials denying Ukraine’s existence and calling for the elimination of its population “could be considered evidence of the intent to commit genocide in Ukraine.”
  • In their April 2025 legal memo, IHRC and IPHR concluded that statements by Russian government officials and the use of aerial attacks to inflict civilian harm provide evidence that Russian officials have “acted with the knowledge and intent necessary to hold them accountable for crimes against humanity and war crimes.” A November 2022 statement from State Duma Deputy Speaker Boris Chernyshov, for example, claimed that Russian retaliatory strikes were “an expression of our hatred, our holy hatred. They’ll be sitting without gas, without light, and without everything else. If the Kyiv regime chose the path of war criminals, they have to freeze and rot over there.” These statements, among others, demonstrate that Russian officials “knew and intended the attacks to cause civilian harm and death,” according to IHRC and IPHR.
  • And, in a May 2025 article, international human rights lawyer and director of IHRC Susan Farbstein wrote in an article for Just Security that the “devastating humanitarian effects” of aerial attacks, combined with Russian officials’ rhetoric, “make clear that Russia’s relentless aerial campaign against Ukraine is intended to exterminate Ukrainian civilians.”
  • Laryš of the Prague institute took the analysis a step further to show how such rhetoric has impacted Russian society. “This discursive ecosystem operates with tacit approval from the Kremlin, which allows such rhetoric to thrive while criminalizing anti-war dissent. The result is a competitive landscape of ideologues and propagandists vying to outdo each other in their expressions of loyalty to the regime’s goals. This environment not only sustains but actively amplifies genocidal ideologies, ensuring their widespread penetration into mainstream Russian society.”

The following compilation seeks to collect examples of such rhetoric in one place, organized in chronological order and necessarily non-exhaustive, since such declarations occur at high frequency in various media controlled by the Russian government. We express our sincere respect and thanks for the work of expert monitors of Russian media such as Julia Davis and Francis Scarr, who are credited below for their entries, and to Maksym Vishchyk for his contributions.

The statements range from formal presidential addresses and articles by Putin and other officials to commentary on Russian State television and on social media. Sources include (but are not limited to) news articles; books; the Kremlin’s online repository of speeches and addresses; Russian State-controlled news agencies, including RIA Novosti and Kommersant; and posts on Twitter/X and Telegram.

(Readers may also be interested in Compilation of Countries’ Statements Calling Russian Actions in Ukraine “Genocide” by Elizabeth Whatcott.)

Russian President Vladimir Putin in reported comment to U.S. President George W. Bush – The NATO bloc broke up into blocking packages – Kommersant (April 7, 2008)
  • “You don’t understand, George, that Ukraine is not even a state. What is Ukraine? Part of its territories is Eastern Europe, but the greater part is a gift from us.” (Reported based on anonymous source as a Putin comment to Bush during the NATO Summit in Bucharest, Romania; reported in English on May 25, 2009, in Time Magazine. Neither that nor subsequent references identified to date indicated any effort to corroborate, and some analysts cast doubt on whether Putin made the comment. Some references translated “state” as “country,” which would be a more likely meaning, as in a sovereign State.)
Putin – “Putin to the West: Hands off Ukraine” – Time Magazine (May 25, 2009)
  • Relations between “Big Russia and Little Russia — Ukraine…have always been the business of Russia itself.”
Putin – “Russia: The Ethnicity Issue” – Nezavisimaya Gazeta (January 23, 2012), (alternative translation by Russian site Top War)
  • Russia, with its diverse set of languages, traditions, and cultures, has an “ethnicity issue” that is “without any doubt a fundamental one.”
  • Multiculturalism “denies integration through assimilation” whilst making the “‘minorities right to be distinct’ absolute.” However, it “does little to balance this with public, behavioral or cultural commitments to the population and society as a whole.
  • Russia is a “type of state civilization where there are no ethnicities, but where ‘belonging’ is determined by a common culture and shared values.” This common culture is reliant upon “preserving the dominance of Russian culture,” which “hostile forces” have tried to break.
    • Analysis: Russia’s unity is reliant upon “the absorption by the leader – first his ideas and then presumably in his acts – of all of these other groups. I was about to say national minorities, but that would have been wrong because, in Putin’s mind, and in [Ivan] Ilyn’s mind for that matter, there are no national minorities. Ilyn [a Russian fascist philosopher and source of ideological inspiration for Putin] was very clear that anyone who uses the phrase ‘national minority’ is attacking Russia.” – Snyder
  • “Subtle cultural therapy” is recommended for Russia, a “a country where, for many, the civil war never really ended and where the past is highly politicized.”
  • The organization of regional parties is a “direct path to separatism.” Those who “attempt to lean towards nationalist, separatist, or other similar forces or influences should be restricted from the electoral process through democratic or court procedures.”
  • Russia and Ukraine have “lived together for many centuries. Together [they] were victorious in the most terrible of wars. And [they] will continue to exist side by side. To those who want and try to divide [Russia and Ukraine], I say – in your dreams.”
    • Analysis: When Putin discusses Ukrainians in this vision, “he doesn’t mention the existence of the Ukrainian state; that’s irrelevant. All he mentions is that Ukrainians are a kind of fragment scattered across this broad expanse… This fragment will only be made whole insofar and as it is absorbed into this larger Russian civilization.” Putin also elaborates upon this notion of Russia as a whole civilization in a fascist manner. The “contours, the limits of that civilization are defined by the leader himself.” And, If Russia is divided, “it is the fault of others, who must be threatened and deterred.” – Snyder
Putin – “Address by President of the Russian Federation” – Kremlin website (March 18, 2014)
  • Crimea is “an inseparable part of Russia” that reflects Russia and the region’s “shared history and pride.”
  • “When Crimea ended up as part of a different country,” Russia realized that “it was not simply robbed, it was plundered.”
  • Russians had been deprived of their “historical memory, even of their language and to subject them to forced assimilation.”
  • Ukraine has “no legitimate executive authority now, nobody to talk to. Many government agencies have been taken over by the imposters, but they do not have any control in the country,” and they themselves are “often controlled by radicals.”
Then-Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev quoted in a conversation with an industry watchdog official – “Russian Prime Minister: Ukraine Has ‘No Industry, or State” (April 5, 2016)
  • There is “neither industry, nor a state there” in Ukraine. In 2013, there was “industry there, but there was no state even then.”
Russian economist and pundit Mikhail Khazin remarks – “They need to be partially eliminated” – YouTube video (December 27, 2016)
  • Ukraine has “several million people [not loyal to Russia]” who “need to be partially eliminated and partially squeezed out.”
  • “New Russia,” or the territories from Kharkov, Odessa, Zaporozhye, and Dnepropetrovsk, “should be joined to the Russian regions, with full denazification, deukrainization.”
  • Russia should institute a “complete ban on Ukrainian fonts, Ukrainian texts, programs on [the] Ukrainian language, on teaching Ukrainian – ie completely.
  • These implementations will cause a “surplus population – let the surplus population go to the [Russian] Far East.”
Former Putin aide Vladislav Surkov in Q&A – Surkov: “I’m Interested in Acting Against Reality” – Actual Comments website (February 26, 2020)
  • Surkov’s “vanity is forever satisfied by the fact that [he] put [his] hand and head into the building of a new Russian state.”
  • There is “no Ukraine,” although there is “Ukrainianism” – a “specific mental disorder. Surprisingly brought to the extreme degree passion for ethnography. Such bloody lore. Muddle instead of the state. There is borscht, Bandera, bandura. But there is no nation.”
  • Donbass “does not deserve such humiliation” of returning to Ukraine. Ukraine “does not deserve such honor.”
Putin – “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians” – Kremlin (July 12, 2021)
  • The incorporation of “western Russian lands into the single state” was the product of “common faith, shared cultural traditions, and – I would like to emphasize it once again – language similarity.”
  • There is “no historical basis” for the “idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians.”
  • Ukrainization was “often imposed on those who did not see themselves as Ukrainians.”
  • Modern Ukraine is “entirely the product of the Soviet era” shaped on the “lands of historical Russia.” Hence, Russia “was robbed.”
  • Ukraine’s leaders “began to mythologize and rewrite history, edit out everything that united [Russia and Ukraine], and refer to the period when Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union as an occupation.”
  • The “slogans, ideology, and blatant aggressive Russophobia” of “radical nationalist groups” have become “defining elements of state policy in Ukraine.
  • Ukraine “peddle[s] Russophobia” and prefers to “exploit the image of the ‘victim of external aggression.’”
  • Russia and Ukraine together have “always been and will be many times stronger and more successful. For [they] are one people.”
Medvedev op-ed – “Why Contacts with the Current Ukrainian Leadership are Meaningless” – Kommersant (October 11, 2021)
  • Ukrainian leaders are “people who do not have any stable self-identification. Who are they, what country are they citizens of, what is their historical identity, ethnic component, what gods do they pray to?”
  • There are “no fools to fight for Ukraine. And it is pointless for [Russia] to deal with vassals. Business must be done with the suzerain.”
Putin in press conference (February 8, 2022) and in official remarks (February 21, 2022) – An Independent Legal Analysis of the Russian Federation’s Breaches of the Genocide Convention in Ukraine and the Duty to Prevent – Newlines Institute for Strategy and Policy
  • “‘Like it or not, take it, my beauty’” references a “vulgar Russian rhyme about necrophiliac rape, implying an intention to inflict similar destruction on Ukraine and a view of Ukraine as a corpse.”
  • Modern Ukraine is considered to be “entirely created by Russia or, to be more precise, by Bolshevik, Communist Russia.”
  • Russia is “ready to show what real decommunization would mean for Ukraine.”
UPDATED Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov – Telegram posts by Kadyrov – Telegram (Feb. 21, 2022 – Sept. 2, 2025)
  • “All of today’s Ukraine at one time did not even dream of those territories that were given to it with one stroke of the pen by the Bolsheviks. Without those broad reckless gestures, she, as a country, would not have represented anything from the beginning… Sooner or later everything returns to its native freedom. So it was with the Crimea. Donetsk and Luhansk did not take root either. I think this is not the limit.” (Feb. 21, 2022)
  • “Chechen fighters take an active part in a special operation to cleanse Ukraine from Bandera, nationalists and terrorists.” (March 8, 2022)
  • “Very soon, these brave [Russian] warriors will erase this vile, vile phenomenon called “nationalism” from the pages of Ukrainian history.” (March 19, 2022)
  • “I do not envy the fate of the Bandera dogs, because their sad fate is already a foregone conclusion by our valiant warriors. My dear brothers… intend to excise this hated Nazi tumor. Very soon, the hands of Chechen fighters will bring final peace and order throughout Ukraine. They intend to personally behead all the shaitans hiding behind thick walls, or, what is even more vile for civilians.” (using the Islamic term “shaitans for devils, or Satan. March 24, 2022)
  • “The Kyiv authorities have chosen a path doomed to death. Having once chosen the side of outright Western criminals, the entire Ukronazi trash forever crossed out the possibility of peaceful coexistence in a religious and civilized society.” (March 24, 2022)
  • “The Nazis once again demonstrate their true essence, the essence of rodent pests.” (April 2, 2022)
  • Russian forces “are conducting cleansing operations from the surviving Bandera rabble, Nazis and shaitans.” (April 13, 2022)
  • “With such motivation and fighting spirit, we simply do not have the right to leave a single nationalist and Banderist on Ukraine soil.” (April 26, 2022)
  • For eight years, Donbass “was oppressed by non-humans from gangs of Ukraine.” (May 19, 2022)
  • “I am convinced that Russian President Vladimir Putin made the only right decision, ordering to destroy the American chimera in its very embryo in Ukraine.” (June 26, 2022)
  • “This is exactly how the purge of the entire Luhansk People’s Republic took place – competently, quickly and accurately.” (July 10, 2022)
  • “Europeans, Ukrainians, wake up! Save your gene pool, not Zelensky’s status.” (July 24, 2022)
  • “It cost us a lot of effort to squeeze out of our lands this abomination that has bred at the suggestion of the same West.” (August 3, 2022)
  • “Now, even if one bullet flies towards Russia, it is necessary not only to hit the decision-making centers, but to wipe them off the face of the earth so that there is no wet place left from this fascist-Bandera junta. I think so – the fish rots from the head, so you have to start from the top.” (Oct. 19, 2022)
  • “We will do our best to ensure that these dogs of hell get what they deserve, and those who somehow managed to escape punishment are doomed to live the rest of their miserable life, turning around anxiously. They don’t deserve any rights or accepted norms.” (Nov. 19, 2022)
  • “The result of the special operation for us is the complete destruction of the manifestations of Satanism: shaitans, Bandera, Nazis. There are many definitions for them, but the essence is always the same. Their true essence is the lack of humanity, moral principles, the spread of evil spirits. Therefore, for us they are Satanists.” (Nov. 26, 2022)
  • “Our ancestors fought for religion, for the right to pray, to build mosques, to adhere to their spiritual and moral values … Today, in the zone of the special military operation, our brothers are defending this right, defending the Motherland from the satanic invasion, which wants to instill destructive ideas and values that are alien to us and destructive.” (Feb. 17, 2023)
  • “Today, Russia alone is fighting not only the neo-Nazi regime in Kyiv. Under the guise of Ukraine and its gene pool, the entire NATO block, the European Union is fighting against us, supplying weapons, ammunition, equipment, and mercenaries.” (March 13, 2023)
  • “I will not confine myself to a dry condemnation of the act of the Ukrainian evil spirits, which recently burned the pages of the Holy Quran … For the elimination of this scum, I announce a reward of 5 million rubles.” (March 17, 2023)
  • “Today, the Donetsk People’s Republic is an integral part of Russia, its full subject. Exactly nine years ago, the inhabitants of the DPR determined their future fate. They firmly decided that they would steadily move towards their historical homeland – Russia.” (May 11, 2023)
  • We will crush these evil spirits like annoying bugs. We will become a wall, protecting our great Motherland, which honors the traditions of the peoples, protects their spiritual values.” (May 23, 2023)
  • “The Kiev Nazi leadership makes decisions that more and more leave no doubt that they are using terrorist methods and, therefore, are terrorists. We need to use this completely appropriate term along with the terms ‘Nazi’ and ‘Satanist.’ For me, it is so necessary to declare martial law in Russia, to use all the combat resources intended for this, in order to sweep away this entire terrorist cell at once, without resorting to the wording ‘Ukrainian military.’ There are no military and politicians in Ukraine – only terrorists.” (May 30, 2023)
  • “But if we are really serious – All of you [Ukrainians], the unfortunate ones, are in trouble. I will NEVER stop crushing you, dung beetles …” (September 2, 2025)
Putin declaring Russia’s full-scale assault on Ukraine – “Putin Orders ‘Special Military Operation’ for Ukraine” – Bloomberg News (February 24, 2022)
  • The special military operation’s goal is “the protection of people who during eight years, suffer from abuse and genocide from the Kyiv regime.”
  • Whoever tries to stop Russia and “further create threats to [Russia’s] country, to [the Russian] people, should know that Russia’s response will be immediate and lead [them] to such consequences that [they] have never faced in [their] history.”
UPDATED Head of the Duma Committee on International Affairs Leonid Slutsky – Telegram posts by Slutsky – Telegram (Feb. 24, 2022 – Aug. 24, 2025)
  • “Considering that Washington and Brussels have rejected Russian proposals on global security issues, and Kiev has been refusing to implement the Minsk agreements for 8 years, the demilitarization of Ukraine is the only way left… [Russia and Ukraine] is one people. Think about [their] shared history. [They] have common victories. One culture, one faith.” (Feb. 24, 2022)
  • “Today in Ukraine there is not only a special operation of the RF Armed Forces for liberation from neo-Nazism. In fact, this is the culmination of a fierce civilizational battle unleashed not by us. But the price of victory in it now is salvation from the destruction of the entire Russian world.” (May 7, 2022)
  • “All of this once again demonstrates that Russia’s special operation in Ukraine must be brought to an end. This is a question of the survival of the Russian world and Russian civilization.” (July 17, 2022)
  • “The decision to conduct the SVO [special military operation] was the only correct one. Russia is saving the Donbass from the genocide and terror of the Nazi regime, which is far from being controlled in Kyiv… Holding referendums on joining Russia in the LPR and DPR, as well as in the liberated territories of the Kherson and Zaporozhye regions, all subsequent steps (we have no doubt what they will be), the decree on partial mobilization is the way to preserve our common fatherland.” (Sept. 21, 2022)
  • “This is the harsh truth. Until the last Ukrainian, so until the last Ukrainian.” (Sept. 30, 2022)
  • “These are the non-humans that the Ukrainian Maidan spawned. Religion in Ukraine is replaced by them with false faith and sectarianism, and the junta itself is first replaced by them.” (Dec. 12, 2022)
  • “The fate of the Zelensky junta, no matter how Western magazines give him the title of man of the year, is no more enviable than the fate of ordinary traitors. The sale of national interests and the extermination of their people in the war of the West against Russia to the ‘last Ukrainian’ may very well end up with a ‘Not Found’ answer to a search query about Ukraine in the future.” (Dec. 26, 2022)
  • “The Kyiv regime finally seems to have lost the last remnants of sanity. But what is wrong with European capitals? Are you ready to be erased too?” (Jan. 23, 2023)
  • Ukraine celebrates its independence day. What does Kiev mean today in this concept, what kind of “independence” – from whom and from what – is it celebrating? And what exactly is its Ukrainian version? The propaganda response of the Kyiv regime, whether headed by Zelensky or Poroshenko, is quite obvious. After the 2014 coup, under the supervision of the collective West, all ties of cooperation with Russia were demonstratively severed, neo-Nazism actually became the state ideology, and the bloody executioners and accomplices of the Nazis were elevated to the rank of national heroes. And for what? In order to voluntarily become a new American vassal? The ‘dependence’ (literally and figuratively) of the Kyiv regime was the beginning of the loss of state sovereignty and provoked an armed conflict, suffering and death. It turned the country’s territory into a theater of military operations and created threats not only to European but also to global security. She deprived millions of Ukrainians of their homes, forced to flee abroad from the madness of the ukrofuhrer. Today there is no state more controlled from the outside in all respects – political, economic, military (!) – than “free Ukraine”. This is independence in Ukrainian style.” (Aug. 24, 2023)
  • “In such conditions, carrying out SVO is an effective vaccine against the slide towards a new epidemic of the “brown plague.” The goals of denazification of Ukraine must be fully achieved.” (Dec. 20, 2023)
  • “We do not refuse negotiations today, but subject to the main condition – the elimination of the neo-Nazi threat and guarantees of security for Russians. This means denazification and demilitarization of Ukraine, its neutral status and recognition of the choice of the people of Novorossiya to be together with Russia. Zelensky’s so-called “peace plan” with its essentially demand for capitulation and betrayal of citizens who have become ours in the new (or rather, old) Russian territories is not being considered – it should definitely be scrapped.” (Dec. 27, 2023)
  • “Russia, as you know, does not start war, Russia is ending war. Victory is inevitable, as is the capitulation of the Kiev junta. The goals of the SVO on the denazification and demilitarization of the Ukro-fascists must be achieved – and as soon as possible. Banderov Ukraine will become “the grave” of the West. The hegemony.” (Feb. 22, 2024)
  • The inevitable victory of Russia in the SVO will be a crushing defeat in the proxy war to the last Ukrainian.” (Feb. 22, 2024)
  • A bullet or the most severe punishment awaits the entire leadership of the Nazi regime!” (March 23, 2025)
  • “The general logic here is absolutely clear. Zelensky can continue to be hysterical, repeating mantras about “temporarily occupied Ukrainian territories”, but he will not see Donbass and other originally Russian lands as if to his own ears. The time of the Ukrofuhrer is running out. The countdown is underway.” (April 18, 2025)
  • “All haters of Russia should remember this: in April 1814, the Russian army forced Napoleon to abdicate, and in 1945, it forced Hitler to commit suicide. The same awaits today’s Ukrofascists.” (April 30, 2025)
  • “The unification of the Russian world is an inevitable process, although it takes time. Today, our heroes are fighting for this in a special military operation. It will put an end to the last neo-Nazi regime in the world.” (Aug. 19, 2025)
  • “The political landscape has been destroyed, there are no elections, total censorship has been introduced. The independence of Russophobic Ukraine is a phantom. It’s time to celebrate “Dependence Day” – neocolonial.” (Aug. 24, 2025)
Russian victory declaration, accidentally published – “The Offensive of Russia and the New World” – RIA Novosti (February 26, 2022, since deleted)
  • There will be no more Ukraine as anti-Russia.”
  • Vladimir Putin has asserted a “historic responsibility by deciding not to leave the solution of the Ukrainian question to future generations.”
  • Ukraine’s return to Russia will not mean its statehood’s “liquidation”; instead, Ukraine will be “reorganized, re-established and returned to its natural state of part of the Russian world.”
    • Analysis: This victory declaration “made it clear that Russia’s aim in this war was to destroy the Ukrainian state, destroy the Ukrainian nation, and then leave the remaining populace as a kind of unformed mass that could be colonized in any way the Russian leadership desired.” – Snyder
  • This war is a “response to the geopolitical expansion of the Atlanticists, this is Russia’s return of its historical space and its place in the world.”
UPDATED Chairman of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin – Telegram posts by Volodin – Telegram (March 15, 2022 – June 21, 2025)
  • “In the end, everyone should come to the realization that we have one country, and we are obliged to defend it. And there shouldn’t be another!” (March 15, 2022)
  • Ukraine has lost its sovereignty and is on the verge of self-disintegration.” (July 21, 2022)
  • “If the attacks by the Kyiv regime continue, the response will be even tougher. All organizers and perpetrators of terrorist attacks must be found. Those who resist are destroyed.” (Oct. 13, 2022)
  • Ukraine “began to destroy their native culture, which cannot be divided into Russian and Ukrainian – it, like faith, we have in common.” (Feb. 19, 2023)
  • “There can be no negotiations with the Zelensky regime. We will demand the use of weapons capable of stopping and destroying the Kiev terrorist regime.” (May 3, 2023)
  • “Zelensky committed a vile act towards those who gave their lives for the liberation of the world from fascism, towards those who today can no longer defend themselves. Having handed over the Ukrainians as expendable material to NATO, the Kiev bloody regime destroyed the national culture, trampled on faith, banned the Russian language, which was and is being spoken by the majority of the population, and is now rewriting history. Ukraine became a US colony. There can be no future for a state where the deeds and memories of grandfathers and great-grandfathers, heroes, thanks to whom we live, are not honored… Do everything so that the followers of Nazism are destroyed!” (May 9, 2023)
  • A country loses sovereignty if it abandons its history, language, faith, culture and traditions. Zelensky caused irreparable damage to Ukraine in these matters.” (July 1, 2023)
  • “Traditional, true values ​​for Ukrainians have been trampled underfoot. History has been rewritten, faith has been betrayed, and Russian, the native language of many Ukrainian citizens, has been banned. Instead, European pseudo-values ​​are being propagated, LGBT people are being promoted, and drugs are being legalized. The beautiful slogans of the Maidan and the cookies of the US State Department turned out to be a deception of the Ukrainian people. The puppet Kiev regime has led the country to a dead end. Ukrainians were deprived of their future by betraying national interests and selling their sovereignty to Washington.” (Nov. 20, 2023)
  • Ukraine has ceased to exist as a rule of law since 2014. Ten years ago, Washington and Brussels with the hands of the Nazis in Kiev conducted a bloody coup d’etat. The leadership positions were occupied by bandits and Nazis. And those who disagreed with this, threw behind bars, killed, burned alive.” (May 26, 2024)
  • Russians and Ukrainians are one people. In this sense, all of Ukraine is ours.” (June 21, 2025)
UPDATED Medvedev – Telegram posts by Medvedev – Telegram (March 17, 2022 – June 25, 2025)
  • Russia fights for a “world order” in which there is “no place for frostbitten Nazis, historical lies and genocide [against the Russian people].” (March 17, 2022)
  • Negotiations with Ukraine aim to “fix the neutral status of Ukraine, its demilitarization, the rejection of the use of Nazi ideological laws that were adopted in this country. Well, and a number of positions that the Russian Federation considers to be most important.” (March 26, 2022)
  • Deep Ukrainianism” is a fictional concept “fueled by anti-Russian poison and an all-consuming lie about its identity, is one big fake. This phenomenon has never happened in history. And it doesn’t exist now.” (April 5, 2022)
  • Ukraine will “suffer its own fate” after having “mentally transformed into the Third Reich, having written down the names of Jews and Nazi henchmen into history books. This is its path, of such Ukraine.” (April 5, 2022)
  • Russia’s “most important goal” is to “change the bloody and full of false myths consciousness of a part of today’s Ukrainians.” (April 5, 2022)
  • “History will put everything in its place and show which side the truth is on. Who became the custodian of true Christian values, protecting them from atheists, bandits, and nationalists.” (April 27, 2022)
  • “Zelensky has no other way to stay in office. If, of course, the position itself remains.” (May 3, 2022)
  • “I am often asked why my Telegram posts are so harsh. The answer is I hate them. They are bastards and geeks. They want death for us, Russia. And as long as I’m alive, I will do everything to make them disappear.” (June 7, 2022)
  • “I saw a message that Ukraine, under Lend-Lease, wants to receive SPG-9 from its overseas owners with payment for delivery in 2 years. Otherwise, next winter it will simply freeze. Just a question. And who said that in two years Ukraine will even exist on the world map?” (June 15, 2022)
  • Putin’s special military operation aims to “protect the citizens of Donbass and to denazify and demilitarize Ukraine. Everything is clear here, and they will be achieved.” (July 9, 2022)
  • “As a result of Western involvement, “Ukraine may lose the remnants of state sovereignty and disappear from the world map” and “Ukrainian criminals will definitely be tried for the atrocities committed against the people of Ukraine and Russia (July 21, 2022)
  • “The Ukrainian state in its current configuration with the Nazi political regime will pose a constant, direct and clear threat to Russia. Therefore, in addition to protecting our people and protecting the borders of the country, the goal of our future actions, in my opinion, should be the complete dismantling of the political regime of Ukraine.” (Oct. 10, 2022)
  • “Here, various cockroaches that have bred in the Kiev insectarium constantly threaten to ‘return the Crimea.’ Well, the goals are clear: to cheer up the tame insects around and show the owner of the insectarium that they are still very capable of running cockroaches for a piece of food. Almost like a cockroach – favorite Janissaries in the play of the famous Kyivian Mikhail Bulgakov ‘Running.’ Therefore, I want to remind them of indisputable facts:
    • “Kiev is the capital of Ancient Russia.
    • “Kyiv is a large Little Russian city within the Russian Empire.
    • “Kyiv is the republican capital of the USSR.
    • “And finally, Kyiv is just a Russian city where people always thought and spoke Russian. To make everything very clear what and how to return…” (Nov. 20, 2022)
  • Pseudo-Ukrainian rabid mongrels with Russian surnames, choking on their toxic saliva, declare that their enemy is located within the borders of Russia, from the West to Vladivostok. Rabies has no cure.” (Dec. 11, 2022)
  • “The termination of life, or death, of the former state will be accompanied by insane laughter, indecent antics and vile clown antics of the Nazi gang, completely crazy from the abundance of blood and drugs. And the deathly silence of Western doctors, looking with cold contempt at the agony of their own tortured patient…” (Feb. 3, 2023)
  • “It is so important to achieve all the goals of a special military operation. Push the borders of threats to our country as far as possible, even if these are the borders of Poland. Destroy neo-Nazism to the ground. In order not to waste time later on catching the remnants of Bandera gangs in the Little Russian forests. So that the world will find long-awaited peace.” (Feb. 24, 2023)
  • “Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban said that Ukraine is financially a non-existent country. As soon as funding from the US and Europe ends, the war will end. Well done, boldly and accurately for a European politician. One can only add that as soon as Western funding ends, Ukraine itself will end. She doesn’t need anyone.” (April 14, 2023)
  • “The Kyiv dog continues to bark. Saliva flows down the hairy muzzle so that the owners see his fighting qualities… Do not underestimate even delusional performances. It is also a hysterical manifesto of the Kiev regime in order to consolidate the Nazi elite, maintain the morale of the troops and receive new support from their sponsors. And the answer to it can only be this:
    • Massive destruction of personnel and military equipment used by the Nazi regime during the counteroffensive, with the infliction of the maximum military defeat of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
    • The complete defeat of the enemy and the final overthrow of the Nazi regime in Kiev with its complete demilitarization throughout the Ukraine.
    • The implementation of acts of retribution against key figures of the Nazi regime, regardless of their location and without statute of limitations.” (April 29, 2023)
  • “Our main task is … to inflict a devastating defeat on all enemies – the Ukronazis, the United States, their minions in NATO, including vile Poland, and other Western nits. We must finally return our lands.” (May 1, 2023)
  • “After today’s terrorist attack, there are no options left except for the physical elimination of Zelensky and his cabal. It is not even needed to sign the act of unconditional surrender. Hitler, as you know, did not sign it either.” (May 3, 2023)
  • “Now is the time to say how Ukraine will disappear, as well as what is the risk of renewed conflict in Europe and in the world. This will depend on which path the process of disintegration of this dying state will follow as a result of a lost military conflict. There are two of them. Or the path of relatively slow erosion of Ukrainian statehood with the gradual loss of the remaining elements of state sovereignty. Or the path of its instant collapse with the simultaneous annihilation of all signs of statehood.” (May 25, 2023)
  • “We do not need Ukraine in NATO. In any case, as long as at least a stump of this state is preserved in its current form. Consequently, for Nazi Ukraine, the conflict will be permanent. And the new political regime in Kiev (if it exists at all) will definitely not be asked for in NATO.” (June 16, 2023)
  • “The Ukrainian junta keeps saying that the condition for negotiations is access to some of their 1991 borders. These are the borders of the regions of Russia and once the provinces of the Russian Empire, and not the mythical Ukraine. Ukraine is the Land of Sannikov, founded by Lenin. It didn’t last long and disappeared from the map. There is no such land. Whatever they think in the West and in the occupied Russian city of Kyiv.” (July 2, 2023)
  • “The special military operation will continue with the same goals. One of them: refusal of the Kiev Nazi group from membership in NATO, which we insisted on from the very beginning (which is impossible). This means that this group will have to be eliminated (which is possible and necessary).” (July 11, 2023)
  • We must not stop until the current inherently terrorist Ukrainian state is completely dismantled. It must be destroyed completely. Or rather, so that not even ashes remain from it. So that this abomination can never, under any circumstances, be reborn… This is the only way — the complete disposal of the state machine of a hostile country and absolute guarantees of loyalty for the future.” (Aug. 19, 2023)
  • “Judging by simple arithmetic, this ‘country’ [of Ukraine] had a mythical past, a sad present and no future… The decay vector is clearly visible. With so many people abandoning their state, the Kyiv regime and its ‘Ukraine’ will soon have nothing to support themselves, let alone fight. Therefore, the most noticeable number in Ukrainian reports will be the number 404. Computer error code: people fled, country not found.” (Aug. 31, 2023)
  • “Today is the Day of reunification of new regions with Russia. A year ago, at referendums, their residents made a fateful decision – to be with their Fatherland. This choice became a symbol not only of the restoration of historical justice, but also of the unity of the Russian people, their colossal will and dedication. The special military operation will continue until the Nazi Kyiv regime is completely destroyed and the original Russian territories are liberated from the enemy. Victory will be ours. And there will be more new regions within Russia.” (Sept. 30, 2023)
  • “We must admit that Odessa, Nikolaev, Kyiv, and practically everything else is not Ukraine at all. After this, there are only three steps before admitting the obvious:
    • Zelensky, who does not go to the polls, is NOT the president, but a usurper.
    • The Ukrainian language is NOT a language, but a surzhik [Ukrainian-Russian pidgin language].
    • Ukraine is NOT a country, but artificially collected territories.” (Nov. 12, 2023)
  • “That’s all. The masks have finally been dropped. The Rada canceled the presidential elections. After all, while there is a war going on until the last Ukrainian, there are no elections, there are Zelensky ones… Hence the hysteria of the cocaine clown with the aim of refusing to elect a president of the still existing country 404. However, every cloud has a silver lining. After all, the bottom line is that such a ‘Ukraine’ will not have a  ‘president,’ nor will such a ‘president’ have a ‘Ukraine.’” (Nov. 23, 2023)
  • “What about negotiations in 2024? Everything is quite obvious.
    • 1. The special operation will continue, its goal will remain the disarmament of Ukrainian troops and the rejection of the current Ukrainian state from the ideology of neo-Nazism.
    • 2. The removal of the ruling Bandera regime is clearly not declared, but the most important and inevitable goal that must and will be achieved.
    • 3. Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, Nikolaev, Kyiv are Russian cities, like many other temporarily occupied ones. All of them are still marked in yellow-blue on paper maps and on electronic tablets.
    • And so – yes. ‘Negotiations’ are, of course, possible. Russia has never rejected them, unlike the crazy Ukrainian authorities. Such ‘negotiations’ are not limited by time. They can continue until the complete defeat and capitulation of the Bandera troops of the North Atlantic Alliance.” (Dec. 28, 2023)
  • “Why Ukraine is dangerous for its residents: The Existence of Ukraine [is] deadly dangerous for the Ukrainians. And I am referring not only to the current state, the Bandera political regime. I’m talking about any Ukraine. Why? Why? The presence of an independent state in the historical Russian territories will now be a constant reason for the resumption of hostilities. It’s late. Whoever stood at the steering of the cancerous neoplasm under the name of Ukraine, this will not add legitimacy to his rule and the legal viability of the country itself. And, therefore, the probability of a new contraction will remain uncertainly long… that is why the existence of Ukraine [is] fatal for Ukrainians.” (Jan. 17, 2024)
  • “The senior Ukrainian drug addict made an unpretentious propaganda move caused by a failure at the front. Having mercilessly blown the double dose, he signed a decree on territorial claims to Russia on the lands historically populated by Ukrainians. There is nothing to comment, because the Ukrainians are Russians, and Malorossia is part of Russia.” (Jan. 22, 2024)
  • “This is not just an operation to return [to] our official territories and punish the Nazis. It is possible and necessary to go to the land of the existing Ukraine. To Odessa, to Kharkiv, to Dnepropetrovsk, to Nikolaev. To Kiev and beyond. There should be no restrictions in the sense of some recognized borders of the Ukrainian reich.” (Aug. 8, 2024)
  • “This story will not go unpunished for Ukraine. The country will be destroyed, like Sodom and Gomorrah, and the demons will inevitably fall. Moreover, retribution will cover them not in the distant future – after the transition to another world. On the contrary, the punishment will be earthly, cruel, painful and will happen soon. For it is said: “Then Jesus struck them and killed them and hung them on five trees; and they hung on the trees until evening” (Josh. 10:26). And the True Orthodox Church in the former Ukrainian lands will shine in its former glory.” (Aug. 23, 2024)
  • “Western corpse-eaters can continue to pour endless funds into their Kyiv bastards and reap their sad harvest. But the fact remains: the economic foundation of Ukrainian statehood has been undermined. The resource base illegally obtained by Bandera’s creatures at the end of the 20th century has returned to their native country. There is nothing left to parasitize on. The abundant Western aid will soon end for quite prosaic reasons. There is very little of our own left. And then there is only rapid decomposition and inevitable collapse…” (Aug. 30, 2024)
  • “Tomorrow will be three years since the beginning of the special military operation. We had to take this step when the point of no return was finally passed in the confrontation with the so-called collective West. And there was only one way to protect our Motherland and its citizens, to push the enemy away from our borders… 80 years ago, our country defeated fascism. Its vile descendants will not escape retribution. And this retribution will not be in a new Nuremberg. It will be on the battlefield. It is shorter and fairer…. We will not allow a worldwide Apocalypse. We must make the revenge of Nazism on the planet impossible. Burn out its roots with a hot iron. Preserve historical memory and leave a worthy legacy for new generations on Earth.” (Feb. 23, 2025)
  • (Discussing the Ukrainian drone attack on a pumping station of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium, referring to Ukraine as an “animal.”) “The bite must prove to the breadwinner that the animal has ceased to be domestic and now poses a danger to the entire barnyard. And even to the owner himself… Now the owner of the aggressive creature will have to check whether the animal suffers from rabies in order to protect his health. As is known, there are two ways to do this. The first is to immediately treat yourself, having received a painful vaccination, six injections from a deadly disease, while simultaneously observing the behavior of the suspicious creature. And the second, most reliable way to prevent the spread of rabies is to quickly euthanize the sick animal for a posthumous study of brain tissue, just in case. Which of them the new US administration will choose, the near future will show.” (Feb. 18, 2025)
  • “During the Bright Easter week, the Kursk region was completely liberated. On the eve of the Great Victory Day, our heroic soldiers continue to crush the enemy in other areas. The Nazi scum must disappear from our land forever!” (April 27, 2025)
  • “The shagreen skin of the Bandera state is shrinking. Disinfection against parasites continues.” (June 8, 2025)
  • “The pinworms from Bankova cannot confirm that the Ukrainian Armed Forces received about 30% of the weapons and military equipment supplied by the Americans. I have already written that these deadly gifts become trophies of various criminals around the world, including international terrorist groups. Finally, this banal truth is beginning to reach the suppliers themselves, who until recently were zealous advocates of helping the parasitic Ukrainian democracy with pork and dwarf tapeworms. And this is only the beginning. If the US continues the audit, they will probably learn many more interesting things. This means that the main intestinal worm with a community of roundworms and other helminths will face an investigation in Congress. In this case, the final outcome for the Kiev parasites will be disastrous. They will inevitably meet their end with the help of antihelminthic therapy.” (June 23, 2025) 
  • The so-called Ukraine in the EU is a danger for our country. There are two ways to stop this danger: a) either the EU itself must realize that it does not need the Kiev quasi-state in principle; b) or, which is certainly preferable, if there is simply no one to join the EU…” (June 25, 2025)
Russian head of occupation authority in Crimea Sergey Aksyonov – Telegram posts by Aksyonov – Telegram (March 29, 2022 – Jan. 17, 2025)
  • Everything that is connected with the common history, culture, spirituality of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples, acts on the demon-possessed Bandera people like incense on devils. Our army liberates the Ukrainian land from evil spirits. The idol of Bandera will be destroyed, and the world will become cleaner and freer.” (March 29, 2022)
  • “Does anyone still have doubts that Russia is freeing the Ukrainian people from absolute evil? It was grown in the ideological laboratories of Western intelligence services, pumped up with hatred and armed to the teeth, its goal is the destruction of our common values, everything that is dear to us. Therefore, only demilitarization, denazification and the trial of Nazi criminals. Therefore – only victory!” (March 30, 2022)
  • “It is necessary to destroy the Nazi reptile in its Kiev nest. We must go to the end. Like in `45.” (April 14, 2022)
  • “We understand that in the person of this regime we are dealing not only with an anti-Russian, but also with an anti-Christian force. In other words, with Satanists. Nazism, paganism, the occult and Satanism have always gone hand in hand – this was the case in the Third Reich, this is happening today in Ukraine… After liberation, Ukraine will need not only denazification, but also serious spiritual ‘treatment.’ Not only a new Nuremberg, but also, figuratively speaking, baptism in the waters of the Dnieper.” (April 18, 2022)
  • “Those war criminals who survive the process of demilitarization and denazification must be tried and executed publicly. How our grandfathers and great-grandfathers executed the Bandera bastard.” (April 22, 2022)
  • The “Ukrainian Nazis” face two outcomes: “crawling on their knees into captivity and then under the tribunal or into hell. There are no other scenarios for them and cannot be.” (April 26, 2022)
  • “The Ukrainian government is confidently leading the country along the path of Nazi Germany, to spiritual, cultural and political suicide. Russian classics, which make up a significant part of world culture, are being sacrificed to bestial Russophobia. The nature of this hatred is understandable: the very existence of the Russian world and everything connected with it is death for Ukrainian Nazism, the virus of which was grown in Western ideological laboratories and artificially brought to the historical lands of Russia … I am sure that after the defeat of Nazism, Russian classics will return to Ukrainian soil. This will become an important tool for denazification of the country. Russian culture and Nazism are incompatible.” (April 27, 2022)
  • Those captured Nazis who will not be shot by the verdict of the tribunal should be sent to the most black and hard work to restore the cities of Donbass they destroyed. There will be places for them in the Crimean colony. Here they will find a ‘warm’ welcome, lessons in the Russian language and anti-fascism, which they will remember for the rest of their lives.” (May 20, 2022)
  • “It is difficult to argue with the obvious fact that Ukraine has adopted the methods of ISIS (the organization is banned in the Russian federation)… [Russia] will give a worthy and fair response to the terrorist state of Ukraine, will protect its people and fraternal peoples.” (June 29, 2022)
  • Ukraine has already committed so many terrorist attacks, so many crimes against humanity that it has lost all right to its statehood. Ukrainian statehood has become an idol to which bloody sacrifices are constantly made. This idol must be destroyed. The sooner Ukraine in its current form disappears from the political map of the world, the better it will be for the peoples of this country, which the Kyiv regime mercilessly throws into the meat grinder of war, and for the entire world community, for which the Ukrainian state has become a source of endless problems and tension.” (July 12, 2022)
  • The Ukrainian regime “is not just Nazi and anti-Russian, it is anti-humanUkrainian statehood is Moloch [a pagan deity], to whom children are sacrificed. This filthy idol must be destroyed, it has no place in history.” (July 27, 2022)
  • “The forces that seized the Mother of Russian cities and other lands of historical Russia are anti-Russian, anti-Christian, anti-human.” (July 28, 2022)
  • “The Russian world is returning to its natural borders. I am sure that this process will continue. Our glorious ancestors for centuries mastered, developed and defended these lands not for the bastards who do not remember their relationship, the followers of the sect of Nazis and traitors, to ‘panow’ on them.” (Aug. 8, 2022)
  • “The future of Ukraine, or rather what remains of it, is possible only with the complete elimination of Ukrainian statehood. We must work to ensure that a new enemy does not grow up near us, in a more serious guise.” (Sept. 1, 2022)
  • “Unfortunately, the ideology of state terrorism is shared by at least part of Ukrainian society. This is evidenced by the outbursts of demonic joy on the Internet about every terrorist attack staged by the Kyiv regime. This is a disease of public consciousness, which will also have to be treated during the demilitarization and denazification of Ukraine. Everyone should know that the end of terrorists is always the same – dog death and eternal damnation. So it was, is and will be.” (Sept. 3, 2022)
  • Ukraine is a terrorist state. There can only be one end for terrorists. Proven by history.” (Sept. 16, 2022)
  • It is not the Russian language that will disappear, but Ukraine.” (Oct. 21, 2022)
  • “Now it’s our turn to burn out the Nazi plague with a red-hot iron. And the best guarantee that it will never again crawl out of its rotten catches and will not again strike minds and souls is the liquidation of Ukrainian statehood, which gave birth to Nazism. This will be a new day of liberation for the millions of people who today are held hostage by a terrorist state.”(Oct. 28, 2022)
  • Those who occupy Odessa and other Russian cities are of no historical value. The Empress will definitely return to her rightful place, and Bandera’s garbage will be thrown to the dustbin of history.” (Nov. 8, 2022)
  • “Perhaps the West believes that [Hitler] managed to breed a special ‘breed’ of the Nazis, intended exclusively for ‘hunting’ for Russia and Russians – as breeds of dogs are bred. No one remembers that in fact one of the main ‘generic signs’ of the failed Ukrainian statehood in the nineteenth-twentieth, and in the forties of the last century was anti-Semitism… Only the elimination of the Kyiv junta and the dismantling of Ukrainian statehood, impregnated with Nazism, are a reliable guarantee of peace and security for all peoples.” (Nov. 8/9, 2022)
  • “We are fed up with ‘square’ disgusting to the throat. And no amount of weapons will help the Kyiv regime to once again get into the Crimea with its snout and put its pig’s hooves on our table. There can be only one result of such attempts: the loss of new territories by the former Ukraine in addition to those already lost and the appearance of thousands of new graves in Ukrainian cemeteries. (Jan. 19, 2023)
  • “The failed Ukrainian statehood is based not only on the ideological code of Russophobia, which the West uses today, but also on the code of anti-Semitism.” (Jan. 26/27, 2023)
  • (Referring to the Berkut police forces who died in 2014) “The Berkut fighters stood in the way of the possessed Maidan crowd, the Nazi scumbags rushing to power, and to the end they fulfilled their duty – official and human. Unlike the corrupt and cowardly Ukrainian authorities, which betrayed everyone who defended the law and the constitutional order, who else could prevent the impending catastrophe, crushing the fascist reptile in the bud. Today it has turned into a monster that our soldiers are fighting in the NWO zone. There is no doubt that the Nazi monster will be destroyed. This is our common duty to our ancestors and defendants, to all those who died in the fight against Nazism.” (Feb. 18, 2023)
  • “Nine years have passed since the tragedy in Odessa, where the Nazis burned dozens of people who did not want to live under their dictates in the building of the local House of Trade Unions… The massacre in Odessa clearly showed the terrorist nature of the Kiev regime. In fact, it was a ritual murder. Because Nazism is not only a political system, and Russophobia is not only a manifestation of national enmity. It is a cult of hatred and death, the “religion” of a terrorist state… But there will certainly be retribution for the death of the Odessa martyrs. The participants in the murder of the House of Trade Unions are known. Judging by media reports, one of the bastards has already been destroyed in the NWO [special military operation] zone. Each of the non-humans, wherever he is, must remember the inevitable retribution.” (May 2, 2023)
  • “I will not repeat once again that the Kiev regime is, in fact, a terrorist organization. We must not speak, but act. Silently and decisively. Our military and special services have a lot of experience in this regard. Like the list of killed terrorists. It is high time to enter new names there… We need targeted and systematic work to eliminate not only the perpetrators, but also the instigators of terrorism and war criminals. This is the only way to stop the wave of terror.” (May 6, 2023)
  • “Today, the fascist reptile is again trying to raise its head in order to destroy as many Russians as possible, inflict as much damage on Russia as possible, turn the original Russian lands into a Wild Field. But there is no doubt that the fate of their idols awaits the ideological and blood heirs of the unfinished fascists.” (June 22, 2023)
  • The Nazi vermin will be destroyed – this time completely. So that not even ashes will remain from it. (Oct. 28. 2023)
  • “Ten years ago, the Maidan began in Kyiv. It is unlikely that those people, deceived by provocateurs, who then took to the streets against the “evil ruler” could have known what a disaster it would all end. In essence, a handful of nationalists brought Ukraine to its knees. And Yanukovych, who tried to position himself as a super politician, ended up being a complete loser. When riots began on the Maidan and the weakness of the central government became visible, we in Crimea realized that the country no longer existed and began to create self-defense units. And now the actions of the Ukrainian authorities defy either logic or common sense. There is no one there to negotiate with. And we do not need to deviate from the obvious – inflicting complete military defeat and changing the political regime in Ukraine. Otherwise, we risk prolonging this problem for decades.” (Nov. 21, 2023)
  • Banderaism is the religion of evil slaves, stupid herds, which killed hundreds of thousands of people and a country that, in general, had a chance for a decent future. As our President said, the only guarantor of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine was Russia. But neither one nor the other was and is not included in the plans of the Western masters, who pull the strings of local puppet politicians. And the fate of the Ukrainian people does not interest them. They do not need Ukraine, but anti-Russia. And now history and the Russian army are putting everything in its place.” (Jan. 1, 2024)
  • “On January 20, 1991, during the first referendum on the territory of the USSR, the Crimeans spoke in favor of the restoration of the Crimean autonomy as part of the Soviet Union. The main driving force behind the referendum was the desire for unity with Russia. And also the political wisdom and common sense of our countrymen, who already then understood what kind of catastrophe the collapse of a great country would result. Figuratively speaking, the children wanted to live with their mother, not with the evil and lying neighbor-Ukraine… Therefore, today other Russian lands – DPR, LPR, Kherson and Zaporozhye regions, have returned to their homeland. What’s next?” (Jan. 20, 2024)
  • “The very existence of our country depends on the outcome of this confrontation. In fact, on the battlefields in the zone of the SVO, the fate of each of us, the fate of our children, is decided. So winning is a common cause. Holy cause…. Another result of the SVO was the cleansing of the country from the dirt and mold, which bred during the years of timelessness. From aggressive parasites that poisoned the social body.” (Feb. 24, 2024)
  • “Today is the tenth anniversary of the Odessa Khatyni. On May 2, 2014, the Nazis burned people alive in the House of Trade Unions who did not accept the coup in Kiev… In the occupied Russian city of Odessa burned Russian people. Bandera bastards savored their crimes, were proud to have killed those who were rescued from the fire. The mass murder was a matter of national pride. And Ukraine as a state finally died, turning into a terrorist organization, into a frenzied animal.” (May 2, 2024)
  • “The Kiev regime kills more civilians again. All those who gave criminal orders, all who obeyed them, must answer for this. And they will answer. Terrorists have no right to life. No mercy to the infidels.” (June 7, 2024)
  • “Today’s date [the anniversary of the Pereyaslav Agreement] also reminds us that the path of betrayal inevitably leads to the degradation of society and the death of the state. This is clearly evidenced by the agony of Ukraine, which turned off the main route of history named after Bohdan Khmelnytsky into the dead end of Mazepa, Petliura and Bandera.” (Jan. 17, 2025)
Pro-Putin pundit Timofei Sergeitsev op-ed – “What Should Russia Do with Ukraine?” – RIA Novosti (April 5, 2022) (alternative translation by Mariia Kravchenko on Medium)
  • Nazi, Bandera Ukraine, the enemy of Russia and the West’s tool for the destuction of Russia, we do not need.”
  • The “denazification” of Ukraine entails “a set of measures in relation to the nazified mass of the population, which technically cannot be subjected to direct punishment as war criminals.”
    • Analysis: Denazification in “official Russian usage just means the destruction of the Ukrainian state and nation. A ‘Nazi,’ as [Sergeitsev’s article] explains, is simply a human being who self-identifies as Ukrainian. According to [him], the establishment of a Ukrainian state thirty years ago was the ‘nazification of Ukraine.’ Indeed ‘any attempt to build such state’ has to be a ‘Nazi’ act.” – Snyder
  • There is “no significant distinction between the APU [Armed Forces of Ukraine] and the so-called national battalions, as well as the territorial defense that joined these two types of military formations. All of them are equally involved in extreme cruelty against the civilian population, equally guilty of the genocide of the Russian people, do not comply with the laws and customs of war. War criminals and active Nazis should be exemplarily and exponentially punished.”
  • In addition to Ukrainian defense forces, “a significant part of the masses, which are passive Nazis, accomplices of Nazism, are also guilty. They supported and indulged Nazi power.”
  • These masses can be denazified through “re-education, which is achieved by ideological repression (suppression) of Nazi attitudes and strict censorship: not only in the political sphere, bit also necessarily in the sphere of culture and education.”
  • The terms of denazification can in no way be less than one generation, which must be born, grow up and reach maturity under the conditions of denazification.”
  • Denazification will coincide with “de-Ukrainization – a rejection of the large-scale artificial inflation of the ethnic component of self-identification of the population of the territories of historical Little Russia and New Russia, begun by the Soviet authorities.”
    • Analysis: “As a historian of mass killing, I am hard pressed to think of many examples where states explicitly advertise the genocidal character of their own actions right at the moment those actions become public knowledge. From a legal perspective, the existence of sucha text (in the larger context of similar statements and Vladimir Putin’s repeated denial that Ukraine exists) makes the charge of genocide far easier to make. Legally, genocide means both actions that destroy a group in whole or in part, combined with some intention to do so. Russia has done the deed and confessed to the intention.” – Snyder
    • Analysis: History reveals that we “should take dictators at their word. Those who incite genocide usually attempt to follow through. It is not unusual for them to publicize their campaigns through propagandists and media. Adolf Hitler had Joseph Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg and others doing this work. Putin has Medvedev and the pundits of Russian state media. Finally, the more that Russian soldiers embrace the campaign of ‘de-Ukrainization,’ the more brutal the war will become – and the harder it will be for Russia to find an exit short of total victory or defeat. Russian society’s complacency becomes complicity in murder.” – Hirsch
  • Ukraine is historically “impossible as a nation state, and attempts to ‘build’ one naturally lead to Nazism. Ukrainism is an artificial anti-Russian construction that does not have its own civilizational content, a subordinate element of an alien and alien civilization.”
    • Analysis: This article is different from other Russian news sources for “two critical reasons. It was published amid Russia’s predatory war of aggression – while atrocities were being committed in Bucha, Mariupol and other towns, and while Ukrainian civilians were being kidnapped, deported and sent to filtration camps. It was being published during extreme wartime censorship in Russia, indicating its approval by the Russian authorities.” – Hirsch
  • Politically, the “Bandera elite must be eliminated [as] its re-education is impossible.” Ukraine itself requires “cleans[ing] of Nazi elements… integrating this statehood into close cooperation with the Russian department for the denazification of Ukraine.” Russia will then create a “tribunal for crimes against humanity in the former Ukraine [and] in this regard act as the guardian of the Nuremberg Trials.”
  • Initial steps of denazification, according to Sergeitsev, can be defined as follows:
    • Liquidation of armed Nazi formations, as well as the military, informational, educational infrastructure that ensures their activity;
    • Installation of the Russian information space;
    • The withdrawal of educational materials and the prohibition of educational programs at all levels containing Nazi ideological guidelines; and
    • Lustration, publication of the names of the accomplices of the Nazi regime, involving them in forced labor to restore the destroyed infrastructure as punishment for Nazi activities (from among those who will not be subject to the death penalty or imprisonment).”
UPDATED Vladimir Solovyov, pro-Kremlin presenter – Russian State TV Excerpts (April 7, 2022 – July 23, 2025)
  • “Vladimir Volfovich [former member of the State Duma] made a genuine forecast. And it sounded like this: Zelensky is the last president of Ukraine because after him there will not be any Ukraine!” (April 7, 2022,  translated by media monitor Francis Scarr)
  • “The troops of LPR and DPR are fighting for their land, and now I have a question: What would the Ukrainian territorial defense fight for? None of it is their land… We’re telling people: come to your senses! Remember who you are! Look at what’s been done to you! Look who conquered you! Remember your great past! Wake up, stop lying to yourselves! And that is the main point. Why are they making up a language for you? You are Rusyns [Slavic people] – do you need that language that Zelenskyy is trying to speak. Look at the history that is being made up for you, the religion that is being made up for you. That’s why people are for us. Westerners say, ‘Why don’t they greet you with flowers’? Yes, they are, big time. Despite their fear, they’re welcoming us, and they will welcome us even more when they understand that we’re never leaving.” (May 24, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “Putin talks about reinforcing and enlargement, because returning means enlargement. What we lost before, now we need to take back… Who is going to be next? Eastern Europe is next, but they don’t want that. Who is the first to get flushed? Poland is the closest to Ukraine. The Baltics are the closest to the borders of the former USSR. That’s why they’re screaming the loudest.” (June 10, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • Solovyov likens the Russia-Ukraine crisis to “deworming a cat. For the doctor, it’s a special operation. For the worms – it’s a war, and for the cat, it’s a cleansing.” (July 19, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • Don’t rush to buy maps for the new school year. It would be simply pointless.” (Aug. 5, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “If we’d taken Kharkiv, it’s obvious that their main logistics and supply centre is there! Wipe it off the face of the fucking earth if we have to! Warn the civilians, tell them ‘You’ve got 24, 48 hours!’ After that we begin to destroy the city block by block.” (Oct. 25, 2022, translated by media monitor Francis Scarr)
  • “What’s happening in Ukraine won’t stay in Ukraine. A holy war is underway. We’re fighting for the right of mankind to live in its original state, as designed by the Creator. Those [Ukrainian] fools who are trying to fight – they aren’t fighting against us, they’re at war with God. In case of their victory, their end is certain. When I say that either we win, or the whole world will be reduced to ashes, this also has another meaning. How can humanity that fights against God continue to exist? … If you think about what’s happening, it’s Satanism. They’re purely demonic, you can’t put it any other way. We have to understand: games are over since we’re dealing with servants of the Prince of Darkness, since we’re dealing with a diabolical origin, what kind of negotiations could there be? Who are we talking to? What kind of negotiations could you have with Satan?” … The new Sodom and Gomorrah await the Lord’s judgment.” (Dec. 17, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • Let’s destroy the city of Kyiv, to hell with it. Its government district, the Duma where they all sit… Wipe it off the face of the earth. Kyiv’s government district should not exist. It should be destroyed, as well as in Kharkiv, Odessa,  Mykolaiv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Lviv. This is it, jokes are over. You can fight the unclean only with a holy fire falling from the skies, fire and brimstone, like Sodom and Gomorrah… The Lord has chosen us as the weapon of his judgment.” (April 4, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “There should be such damage to Kyiv’s districts that it would be visible from a satellite. Government districts should not exist in all cities of a terrorist country. Ukro-Reich should cease to exist… Everyone involved with terrorists has to be executed… Destroy, D-E-S-T-R-O-Y all Nazi Ukrainian leadership.” (May 6, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “This hatred [for Russia] was nurtured in poor Ukrainians for years… They were teaching them to hate Russian culture… Our poor brotherly nation has gone astray. We will cure them, we will help, we will rebuild.” (May 19, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “And Kyiv? Kyiv needs to be dismantled. Odessa needs to be dismantled! Kharkiv, Dnipro, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk too. There should be strikes on those cities today, much more brutal than our current ones.” (May 30, 2023, translated by media monitor Francis Scarr)
  • “We’ll warn civilians so they can leave. We’ll give them six hours so they can all leave quickly. And then we’ll blow all those cities to kingdom come!” (June 2, 2023, translated by media monitor Francis Scarr)
  • “We no longer have any option. We must wipe them from the face of the earth. Their decision-making centers. No, not the people of Ukraine. But nobody in their leadership should be allowed to feel comfortable.” (June 22, 2023, translated by media monitor Francis Scarr)
  • “I’m still saying I could take Kyiv in 3 days! But first, everything should be destroyed with t  actical nukes! Erase Kyiv off the face of the earth and erect our flag among the ruins!” (July 3, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “[Ukrainian] port cities have to be destroyed. They have to be wiped off the face of the Earth… We will not spare Odessa. We’ll later rebuild it from scratch. It will be much easier this way.” (July 24, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “The President said that if you make a move, your very statehood will be in question. We aren’t saying we’ll let them [Ukrainians] keep their statehood.” (July 24, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “Another question is whether the Ukrainian nation should exist. My answer is, in its current state, it shouldn’t. No! A nation whose ideology presents a threat to us cannot exist next to us.” (Nov. 29, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “Wherever Russia is, there is life. There is love, care and respect. Wherever Satanic Ukraine is, there is death. The spirit dies first. They didn’t even understand it yet. They [Ukrainians] are already corpses, they are dead.” (Dec. 19, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “Ukrainians had a chance to create their nation, it’s over. All these attempts to take only a little bit of land, we throw a hat and will stop where it lands… We’re dealing with a cancerous tumor. We tried curing it with soft, non-invasive methods. That’s over, it didn’t work. And now… sorry.” (March 21, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • I’ll say it once again: Kharkiv should be erased off the face of the earth very simply, so there are no illusions. But we should start with Kyiv. We should simply destroy all of those governmental… Erase everything off the face of the earth! What’s the name, Koncha-Zaspa [neighborhood in Kyiv]? Erase Koncha-Zaspa, so there is nothing left! Nothing but radioactive dust!” (March 28, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “Egyptian plagues have descended upon a city that was captured by Satanists. This is what’s happening in Kyiv right now! The Sahara Desert has come upon this city that was betrayed, trampled and humiliated by its inhabitants. Satanists have seized power and are having a ball. After this, who will dare to tell me Kyiv should remain? Satanists have captured the city! This is exactly the way we should treat them — with hot iron! With fire and a sword! These terrorists have to be destroyed! Russian holy sites have to be liberated.” (April 4, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • What is Ukraine anyway? At the conclusion of this conflict, there should be no Ukraine. If necessary, Romania, Poland, Hungary and ourselves could take some of the territories. There should be no Ukraine any longer! We need a sanitary perimeter. If we leave even a tiny portion of this cancerous tumor, it will expand once again. What talks, what negotiations could there be with them? We don’t need to listen to them either. Who are they to tell us what to do on our territories? All of you, get your stuff and get the heck out of here! … What is in our interests is for them [Ukraine] not to exist! As State Duma deputy [Pyotr] Tolstoy said, we will kill all of them.” (April 6, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • We will erase whatever is left of Ukraine from the face of the earth… There will be no Ukraine… There will be Novorossiya.”(Oct. 25, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “We won’t enter into any agreements with you [Ukraine]. We will destroy you, destroy you…we will be destroying you, period… By its nature, Ukrainian political thinking is a betrayal and traitors have to be destroyed… They have to be finished off, finished off completely… For us, Ukraine isn’t even a topic of discussion. It simply doesn’t exist.” (Nov. 9, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “I especially have no pity for Lviv right now. I believe Lviv should be erased off the face of the earth. Basically, all of Lviv’s population, you have 24 hours to leave the city. This city is Sodom and Gomorrah, and therefore, this city should be erased off the face of the earth. It should simply be destroyed.” (July 23, 2025, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Russian State TV Editor-in-Chief Margarita Simonyan and other pro-Putin figures or officials – “Ominous rhetoric gains ground in Russia as its forces founder in Ukraine” – Washington Post (April 13, 2022)
  • “On state television, a military analyst doubled down on Russia’s need to win and called for concentration camps for Ukrainians opposed to the invasion. Two days later, the head of the defense committee in the lower house of parliament said it would take 30 to 40 years to ‘reeducate’ Ukrainians.”
  • The editor-in-chief of the television news network RT described “Ukrainians’ determination to defend their country as ‘collective insanity.’ ‘It’s no accident that we call them Nazis,’ said Margarita Simonyan, who also heads the Kremlin-backed media group that operates the Sputnik and RIA Novosti news agencies. ‘What makes you a Nazi is your bestial nature, your bestial hatred and your bestial willingness to tear out the eyes of children on the basis of nationality.’”
  • “In late March, the head of Russia’s Investigative Committee launched a probe into whether Ukrainian students’ textbooks ‘target Children with hatred of Russia and the Russian language’ and ‘distort history.’”
Mentions of Kyiv and Ukraine are removed from the textbooks of the Prosveshcheniye publishing house – Mediazona (April 23, 2022)
  • An anonymous employee for the Russian Prosveshcheniye (Enlightenment) educational publishing house says that they are “faced with the task of making it as if Ukraine simply does not exist… It’s much worse when the textbook just doesn’t mention a country. A person grows up without a knowledge base about some country, and then it is much easier for him to believe what he is told about it from TV.”
  • The publishing house can “mention how [Russia] saved Kyiv, but it is no longer possible to talk about any independence of Ukraine as a country.”
Karen Shakhnazarov, pundit and filmmaker – “‘There will be no mercy’ Putin mouthpiece warns of ‘concentration camps, sterilisation’” – excerpts from Russian State TV channel Rossiya 1 via Express (May 4, 2022, via May 5, 2022 article)
  • Opponents of “Letter Z” must “‘understand that if they are counting on mercy, no, there will be no mercy for them. It all became very serious. In this case it means concentration camps, re-education, sterilization.’”
Russian political scientist Sergey Mikheev – Russian State TV Channel 1 –  translated by Francis Scarr of BBC Monitoring (May 8, 2022)
  • “Ukraine is in thrall to a Nazi-inspired ‘neo-pagan’ religion based on violence.
  • “The ‘bloody paganism’ was founded by Ukrainian ‘accomplices of the Nazis’ during WWII and later cultivated by the diaspora in the US.”
Journalist Victoria Nikiforova op-ed – “It’s Time to Repeat” – RIA Novosti (May 9, 2022)
  • “Fighting is underway in eastern Ukraine. The Nazis torture and kill the inhabitants of the occupied territories.”
  • Russia is defined by “social harmony – difficult to achieve, but absolutely real”
  • The Ukrainian special operation has become Russia’s “war for peace. And not only in Russia, but also for world peace.”
Maria Zakharova, Russian Foreign Ministry’s official spokeswoman – Telegram posts by Zakharova – Telegram (June 3, 2022 – May 11, 2024)
  • The Minsk agreements signed by Russia and Ukraine before 2022 in negotiations to end the war in the Donbas were “a chance for Kyiv to preserve the Ukrainian state. Zelensky, led by Westerners, publicly refused [Putin]. The Kyiv regime will not get a second such chance.” (June 3, 2022)
  • The Russian military is “fighting Nazism, neo-Nazism now, freeing Ukraine from the neo-Nazi dominance that has been fed there in recent decades by ‘Western partners.’” (June 22, 2022)
  • The policy of forced Ukrainization and persecution of everything Russian continues.” (June 22, 2022)
  • “Zelensky called Ukraine the only legitimate heir to Kievan Rus. Prince Volodymyr, then mind not being offended that part of Ukraine will be called Rus. I said it myself, well done.” (July 28, 2022)
  • “All that is left to the Kyiv regime, whose characteristic features have long been venality, anger, immorality, dementia and demonic possession. They go to the bottom, proudly raising their middle finger, which has become their shameful symbol.” (Nov. 24, 2022)
  • “The history of these places, like the whole history of Ukraine, is inseparable from the Russian one, and any attempts of the Kiev regime to rewrite it are doomed to failure.” (Dec. 29, 2022)
  • “There is no doubt that the neo-Nazi madness in Kiev will come to an end. The plans of those who took the Ukrainian people hostage and artificially trying to change their national identity with the help of Goebbels propaganda, to tear them away from those with whom they have a common historical past and present, will not come true.” (May 3, 2023)
  • “The Kiev parasitic regime, for many years living on Western handouts at the expense of future generations, is simply not able to offer anything as an experience of state building and achieving economic stability.” (May 11, 2023)
  • “If anyone has any doubts that the Kiev regime will not later turn its terrorist insides against its own creators, they are cruelly mistaken. Unfortunately, then it will be too late.” (June 7, 2023)
  • “The last children of Hitler’s henchmen S. Bandera and R. Shukhevych, as well as their ideological ancestors, in pursuit of imaginary independence and independence, are in fact destroying their homeland, turning it into a springboard for another futile “Drang nach Osten”, becoming a blind instrument of Western aggression against Moscow. And their end will be just as inglorious. All this makes the task of denazification and demilitarization of Ukraine an absolute priority of Russian foreign policy.” (Aug. 20, 2023)
  • “The Kiev regime is an inhumane and anti-humanistic new formation by its very essence… Today, the Kiev regime strenuously wants to emphasize that the unfortunate population of Ukraine are the heirs of Hitler’s fosterlings Stepan Bandera and Roman Shukhevych, who brought a lot of evil to the Ukrainian and other peoples. There is no doubt that after some time this bubble will also burst. It turns out that the Kyiv regime has no more worthy legacy, except for Ukrainians and Nazi collaborators? After all, Gogol, and Khmelnitsky, and many others of those whom they still allow people to be proud of, are directly connected with Russia, which the Kiev regime crossed out from among its ancestors.” (Aug. 31, 2023)
  • “Today, the Kiev regime, continuing its course of falsifying history, is doing everything to erase the immortal feat of the Soviet people from the memory of current and future generations, whitewash fascism and glorify Nazi criminals, who are responsible for the lives of tens of thousands of innocent civilians – Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Poles, Jews and others. We are confident that a new day of liberation of Ukraine from the power of the newly-minted spiritual and ideological heirs of misanthropic ideology is just around the corner.” (Nov. 2, 2023)
  • “In Ukraine, a forcible change in the national identity of citizens is being carried out through the adoption of discriminatory laws in the linguistic, educational and media spheres. Russophobia is being spread everywhere, and perverted interpretations of history are being imposed. Mental adjustment is used against Ukrainian citizens by those who call themselves pro-Ukrainian politicians. It has gotten to the point that the Kiev authorities openly deny the existence of such a national group as Russians in the country (there is even a decision of the Constitutional Court in 2021 on this matter), despite the fact that Russians in Ukraine are actually the state-forming nation.” (Nov. 15, 2023)
  • “Today it is appropriate to ask the question: what exactly did ‘Euromaidan’ give to Ukraine? The answer is obvious. From a self-sufficient, industrialized and populous republic of the former USSR, Ukraine has turned into a poor, dying territory. The country has lost its state independence and is supported by Western colonialists, who determine its domestic and foreign policy.” (Nov. 20, 2023)
  • We will not allow the existence of an aggressive Nazi state on our borders, from whose territory there will be danger for Russia and neighboring countries… It is necessary to confirm the neutral, non-aligned and nuclear-free status of Ukraine, carry out its demilitarization and denazification, recognize new territorial realities, and ensure the rights of Russian-speaking citizens and national minorities living in this country.” (Dec. 9, 2023)
  • “We have seen what Ukraine has become over the years — a failed state, a self-rogue country driven into the ravine of civilization by neo-Nazi ideology, historical amnesia and the promotion of all kinds of vices.” (May 11, 2024)
Alexander Egortsev, Special Correspondent of the Spas TV Channel, which is aligned with the Russian Orthodox Church and had more than 1 million subscribers before being blocked by YouTube and moving its account to the Russian version, RuTube – Goat muzzle. Satanism and the occult have become the ideology of the Ukrainian national battalions – RIA Novosti (June 3, 2022)
  • Alexander Sergeevich Khodakovsky, the commander of the Russian Vostok battalion, likens this [falsely alleged] behavior to the “occultism” that was “very strongly developed in Nazi Germany. And here we see worthy heirs. What they are doing is not compatible with the Christian faith and Orthodoxy. This is savagery…”
  • Archpriest Alexander Novopashin believes that the “essence of turning to Satanism is a rejection of Christianity and an attempt to resort to the help of supernatural forces to solve their problems – natural deities, energies or entities that allegedly help to gain power. Someone calls these dark forces Satan or the devil, someone talks about the Slavic gods, for example, Perun, Wotan, Odin, etc. Now there is little doubt who exported, fed and encouraged Nazism in the modern history of Ukraine.”
Dmitry Rogozin (Director General of Russia’s Roskosmos State Space Agency, former Deputy Prime Minister) – comments on his Twitter feed and Telegram channel (June 13, 2022 – June 27, 2022)
  • “In general, what has grown up in the place of Ukraine is an existential threat to the Russian people, Russian history, Russian language and Russian civilization. If we do not put an end to them, as, unfortunately, our grandfathers did not do away with them, we will have to die, but end up at an even greater cost to our grandchildren. So let’s get this over with. Once and forever. For our grandchildren.”
Zakharova – “Ukraine in its previous borders no longer possible” (June 17, 2022)
  • “The Ukraine that you and I had known, within the borders that used to be, no longer exists, and will never exist again. This is evident.”
UPDATED Rogozin – Telegram posts by Rogozin – Telegram (June 26, 2022 – October 3, 2025)
  • The modern state of Ukraine is “a bastard formation of the Belovezhskaya conspiracy, where the Ukrainian party nomenclature gnawed off the ‘clothes of independence’ along with the Crimea, three military districts and the industrial Donbass. Moreover, the Ukrainian elites suppressed the Russian movement and Russian culture with fear and blood, deprived the indigenous Russian population in Ukraine of the right to speak their native language…Ukrainian elites are traitors…There is no forgiveness for traitors and betrayal!” (June 26, 2022)
  • The Kaliningrad and Baltic territories are “[Russia’s] land. And no revanchist and illiterate geeks can call this into question. We will defend our native land. Woe and cruel death to those who try to unleash aggression against Russia.” (June 27, 2022)
  • “This time we need to burn all this “Ukrainianism” as an ideology. Keep Ukrainians away from it. Burn this ideology along with its bastard literature, delusional history, cannibalism of the “ancient Ukranians,” fascination with fascist “aesthetic” and groveling before the West. Burn that there is no spirit left. No truces. Any truce, and especially humiliation, is the sure death of our children and grandchildren.” (June 26, 2024)
  • “But I was somewhat distracted from the main question: are there ancient Ukrainian folk tales? After all, if they do not exist, then the very statement about the existence of some separate Ukrainian people from the Russian nation – no more than a fairy tale for fools, the fiction of Austro-Hungarian agents, not without the success of the spun separatists, inventing their world history and a separate role. Everything was invented, but they forgot about the stories. They were fond of other tales: about Bandera, Holodomor, Petlluru and Mazepa. Here they are – the heroes of Ukrainian fairy tales. Now to them the battalion “Azov” as epic heroes will rise. And then this poison instead of Russian fairy tales, they will feed their children with a teaspoon. In short, it’s all for a long time now… We will be picking the garbage out of their heads for decades. And here again we cannot do without Pushkin, Gogol and Bulgakov.” (July 17, 2024)
  • “The requirement of denazification has not been canceled. Denazification is not only the replenishment of library collections with Russian literature, it is not only the retraining of teachers in schools in liberated territories, but this is the ruthless suppression and, ultimately, the elimination of Ukrainian fascism as a phenomenon… the entire Bandera underground and the ideologists of this sabotage against the Slavic brotherhood and the Russian world. Wherever they are – in Lviv, in Kiev, or lurking in our rear, we will find them, pick them out and destroy them.” (July 21, 2024)
  • “They [Ukrainians] cannot be released from the Kursk region. We’ve got to bury them all there. Human, flawed, you can’t fix them anymore. You can’t leave them alive.” (Aug. 8, 2024)
  • “In an ecstasy of Russophobia, they throw down busts of Pushkin and Gogol from their pedestals and impose a cult of this freak. Are people with such a mental shift in their heads capable of returning to peaceful life? This is a serious question. Will we be able to live next to them when the military actions end (and they will end sooner or later)? I would think about it now, before it is too late. Personally, I consider such a neighborhood extremely dangerous for the preservation of our nation.” (Feb. 5, 2025)
  • “I assert that Ukraine, formed as a result of the collapse of Greater Russia (the USSR), has not established itself as a viable state. And the issue here is not the patchwork and legally dubious nature of its ethnic and territorial unification within the state borders drawn in 1991. The issue is the extremely low quality of its population’s demand for a “leader of the nation.” The state nationalism being implanted in Ukraine has failed to gain a steady breath and rational meaning, reducing all its efforts to confronting Russia, to attempts to single out only that which separates Ukraine from its mother Russia… I do not believe in the future of Ukraine as a state and in the future of Ukrainians as a people. There is no such people anymore. They were poisoned by bile, eaten by Russophobia. All the energy of these people, stupefied by hostile propaganda, went into the steam of hatred. There is no energy left for state building.” (Feb. 22, 2025)
  • “And here we are all Russians, regardless of blood and place of birth, and they are Vyrus. This is the essence of our confrontation. And no matter what our diplomats agree on at the top, we will never agree with them here on earth. Until their children become Russian again.” (Mar. 13, 2025, using the term “Vyrus,” which connotes “those who are Russian, but refuse to self-identify as such,” according to media monitor Julia Davis)
  • The Bandera degenerates are a completely different kind of human. Second-rate human. A dead-end and foul-smelling branch that needs to be cut off with pruning shears, so that the whole tree does not become sick with it.” (Mar. 23, 2025)
  • “Ukrainianism as an extreme form of ethnic nationalism, all these ‘Ukrainians’ with Hungarian, Jewish, Russian, Little Russian surnames represent for us only the question of how, when and at what cost we will be able to destroy them. We will not be able to live next door to them. Reconcile? After everything that happened? Of course not.” (April 22, 2025)
  • “May 9 [the day Germany surrendered to the Soviet Union] is our family code. Our attitude to May 9 separates us from them. They are the grandchildren of the surviving collaborators and Nazis. There can be no reconciliation with them. Either us or them. There is no third option.” (May 9, 2025)
  • Many countries celebrate World Pest Day on June 6. This is what our Center is directly involved in – crushing pests in its area of ​​​​responsibility. Join “Bars-Sarmat” if you love your homeland, the Russian language and want to rid the world of pests.” (June 6, 2025)
  • “Listen, my friends. Let’s not be so noble and forgetful anymore… We have no right to be calm about the future of our children while those who have the idea and the ability to kill our children are alive. It’s either us or them. There is no third option.” (June 16, 2025)
  • “Of course, we must negotiate with their [Ukraine’s] representatives. First of all, for the sake of our prisoners and inmates. But it is very difficult. I know what negotiations are and what it means to be a negotiator, but with these freaks – after everything I have seen and know about them – I would hardly be able to sit down at the negotiating table. It is easier to kill their leaders than to live next to them. Believe me, it will be safer this way. Yes, they will tell me that I am going too far, that I do not understand that this cannot be done… I also understand that this cannot be done, but I do not see any other option yet.” (July 24, 2025)
  • “The transformation of Little Russians and Russian people in Ukraine into Vyrusians and stupid “pro-Ukrainians” was carried out in two ways: 
    • 1. Substitution of a common Russian-Soviet history [with] the history of the ‘ancient, distinctive Ukrainians.’
    • 2. The widespread extermination of Orthodoxy and its replacement with a pseudo-Christian surzhyk, sects, and outright Banderaism. For example, in the small, liberated Zaporizhzhia town of Berdyansk, 30 (!) religious sects were active under the Ukrainians.
    • All this is happening with the complete inaction of the believers themselves, who silently watch as the doors to their churches are boarded up. Ukrainian society is inexorably and relentlessly turning into cattle. Without faith, without memory, without compassion, without the instinct for self-preservation.” (September 12, 2025)
  • “Fascism is this: rabid Ukrainian women in dichlorvos-infected lab coats, swearing loudly. They confiscate Russian books for burning. A language patrol, so to speak. Who will these women give birth to? Those very same ones – in SS uniforms, with Schmeissers fired from the hip. They’re already giving birth on a roach-like scale.” (October 3, 2025)
Kirill Stremousov, deputy head of the Russian administration in occupied Kherson, Ukraine – Telegram posts by Stremousov – Telegram (June 29, 2022 – Oct. 21, 2022)
  • Kherson is “going to Russia and in the near future we will regain our Motherland, from which we all come. The Kherson region will never return to the environment of Nazism, debauchery and cynicism.” (June 29, 2022)
  • The army of the Russian Federation, luring mindless Ukronazis into fire bags, continues to cleanse the planet of fascism.” (Oct. 15, 2022)
  • “The result of this campaign is not the struggle for Ukraine, but the destroyed and ruined destinies of millions of Ukrainians.” (Oct. 21, 2022)
Vasily Fatigarov, Russian military expert – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by Francis Scarr of BBC Monitoring (June 30, 2022)
  • Russia “must carry out a large amount of methodical, competent and carefully considered work to denazify Ukraine…I like this kind of figurative comparison of the fascination of Ukraine with a cancerous tumor. [Russia is] now working like surgeons. And when a surgeon cuts out a cancerous tumor, while he’s cutting it, it’s growing. And when he cleans it up, he also has to clean up a certain amount of healthy tissue so that, God forbid, nothing remains and starts growing again. And that fascist infection is the same! That’s to say, if some of it remains somewhere, it will definitely start growing again. Therefore [Russia] will purify that territory very precisely, very severely, and ensure that that fascist infection doesn’t grow anywhere else.”
Putin – “Putin says Russia just starting in Ukraine, peace talks will get harder” – Reuters (July 7, 2022)
  • Putin says he believes the “West wants to fight [Russia] to the last Ukrainian. This is a tragedy for the Ukrainian people, but it seems that everything is heading towards this.”
Russian political scientist Mikhail Markelov – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (July 13, 2022)
  • Russia should “seriously think about liquidating Nazi leadership of [Ukraine], including not only Zelensky and his circle, but also the Verkhovna Rada [parliament] and the entire government that is currently committing total genocide against its own people.”
  • “I will remind you the words of the Russian president, which he uttered on the 24th of February: ‘You wanted decommunization? You’re going to get it.’
  • Initially, we were just planning to liberate only those who live in Donbas and to free Donbas from the yoke of the Nazis, but after the deliveries of Western weapons, if, God forbid, Americans deliver missiles that can travel 300 kilometers, then we simply can’t stop at all.”
Simonyan – Russian State TV Excerpts  (July 19, 2022 – April 13, 2025)
  • “Ukraine as it was can’t continue to exist. There’ll be no Ukraine we’ve known for many years.” (July 19, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “[Zelenskyy] is a small Egyptian pharaoh who isn’t letting our people go. Orthodox people, Russian people, he is forcibly holding people before our eyes. He is a small pharaoh and before our very eyes, 10 Egyptian plagues are being inflicted upon him that have befallen pharaoh, according to the Bible… A Grad [rocket launcher] will destroy all the people and animals and the fields with their crops… When Egypt was immersed into darkness for three days, but the Israelis had light in their homes, the Bible says, “Don’t we see darkness over there on a regular basis?” Whenever our missiles are flying, whenever we are practicing our strikes of vengeance, Ukraine is immersed in darkness. And one of the scariest Egyptian plagues is the death of the firstborn. The death of their firstborn is their mobilization of their firstborn, the second, the third, all of their males… What is left of their male population? All that is left is for us to see frogs falling from the sky, if you believe in the Egyptian plagues.” (April 2, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “I feel so bad for them! For Ukrainians and the rest! Why couldn’t you live with us? What was so bad about it? Many of you [Ukrainians] got your statehood because of us! Your culture emerged because of us!” (July 15, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “Volodya [another TV host], there’s one thing on which I don’t agree with you. That Banderism, it hasn’t only existed for seven or eight years. Not at all! It’s existed for much longer! Since the time of Bandera in fact… 1992! A year before that the Soviet Union collapsed! Under Stalin they were jailed in their thousands. Under Khrushchev they were all released again in their thousands, weren’t they? Who were those people? They were the ones who got away. So we’re not talking about seven or eight years. This is the outcome of those who got away having children and grandchildren. Back then we let them get away, so this time we’ll have to finish them off!” (Dec. 23, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • Those brainwashed people that remained there [in Ukraine], whose souls are covered with dirt, that Kyiv was throwing on these souls for decades, we will wash and cleanse those souls! Whoever doesn’t want to go get washed is a slob! A terrible fate awaits any slob who refuses to wash. They have to be segregated, the slobs from those who are ready to be cleansed.” (January 29, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • What kind of a fate awaits Ukraine? Ukraine will not meet any kind of a fate. Territories that used to be Ukraine will have a fate. That’s what I think. Territories that used to be Ukraine will be partitioned the way Poland was partitioned once upon a time.” (April 13, 2025, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Nikolai Korsakov – The baptism of Russia and the special operation in Ukraine: what do they have in common? – Gazeta (July 28, 2022)
  • “Morality does not exist for Ukronazis, they do not reason in such categories and are not afraid of God’s punishment for their atrocities. Many of the Ukronazis are open Satanists and followers of misanthropic cults who make sacrifice and commit ritual murders, experts conclude.”
Head of State Duma Defense Committee Andrey Kartaolov – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Aug. 1, 2022)
  • Ukraine “has to be restored, rebuilt from scratch, but the biggest problem today is people. There are also children. And children are the very category that was the most mistreated by the Banderite Nazi scumbags, who simply brainwashed them… We need to deal with the children, perhaps in our Suvorov’s, Nakhimov’s cadet schools, there could be additional enrollment and we could send these kiddies there. Maybe Moscow’s higher educational institutions, and others in the country, should reserve additional spots for students who could be placed on a budgetary basis, in free dormitories. Today, they can’t pay anything for their education. Nonetheless, we have to do this because then people will believe that we’re serious, and Russia is here for a long time – forever.”
Russian journalist and military expert Igor Korotchenko – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Aug. 5, 2022)
  • “Ukraine is part of the historical Russia. Ukraine as a country never existed. Ukraine’s political elites made a choice to turn it into the project ‘anti-Russia.’ These kinds of countries have no right to exist from the perspective of our country’s national interests. Neither the West, nor the United States, can influence the will and determination of our country’s leadership and of our people to ensure that this kind of a threat can never exist in our history from the territory of a country currently called Ukraine.”
Soviet-Russian filmmaker Nikita Mikhalkov – excerpt from speech on the Ukrainian language – translated by media monitor Maksym Borodin (Aug. 26, 2022)
  • “The Ukrainian language has become the image of Russophobia… That is, the phrases that we hear in Ukrainian transcription and pronunciation, they are for us and for the world in principle and for themselves the formulation of hatred for Russia!”
Russian mercenary Igor Mangushev – speech on the Russia – Ukraine war – translated by journalist Denys Kazanskyi (Aug. 28, 2022)
  • [holding a skull in his hand] “We’re alive, and this guy’s already dead. Let him burn in hell. He wasn’t lucky. We’ll make a goblet out of his skull. We are not at war with people of blood and flesh, we are at war with the idea, with the idea of Ukraine as an anti-Russian state. There can be no peace. We must de-Ukrainize Ukraine. We must return our Russian lands… This is the tragedy of Ukrainian soldiers. We don’t care how many we have to kill them. If we were at war with people, we could make peace with them. But we are at war with the idea, so all bearers of an idea must be killed. Like this guy, probably he did not want to lie near Azovstal.”
Putin – Address by the President of the Russian Federation (Sept. 21, 2022)
  • “We know that the majority of people living in the territories liberated from the neo-Nazis, and these are primarily the historical lands of Novorossiya, do not want to live under the yoke of the neo-Nazi regime.”
  • The citizens of Russia can rest assured that the territorial integrity of our Motherland, our independence and freedom will be defended – I repeat – by all the systems available to us.”
Putin – People’s Choice: Together Forever Concert Rally (Sept. 30, 2022)
  • “I cannot help but go back to the time when the Soviet Union was formed, when Russia was creating modern Ukraine. It was Russia that created modern Ukraine, giving it significant swathes of land, historical lands of Russia, along with the people, who no one asked about where and how they want to live, how they see the future of their children, and in which country. The same thing happened when the Soviet Union broke apart.”
  • “Only modern Russia has given the residents of the Lugansk People’s Republic, the Donetsk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson the right to choose. People came to the referendum and made their choice to be with their historical homeland, Russia.”
Putin – Signing of treaties on accession of Donetsk and Lugansk people’s republics and Zaporozhye and Kheron regions to Russia (Sept. 30, 2022)
  • “It is an inherent right of the people. It is based on our historical affinity, and it is that right that led generations of our predecessors, those who built and defended Russia for centuries since the period of Ancient Rus, to victory.”
  • “There is nothing stronger than the determination of millions of people who, by their culture, religion, traditions, and language, consider themselves part of Russia, whose ancestors lived in a single country for centuries. There is nothing stronger than their determination to return to their true historical homeland.”
Andrey Sidorov, Deputy Dean of world politics at Moscow State University – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Oct. 9, 2022)
  • “We should wait for the right moment and cause a migration crisis in Europe with a new influx of Ukrainians… I think it’s most beneficial to do it in the new year, towards the spring, because the situation will start to worsen by then, in terms of economic and social tensions in Europe. So the situation we’re living through right now should be handled rationally, not emotionally. And the rationale is: Ukraine as a nation should not exist.”
Russia-aligned leader in the Donetsk “People’s Republic” of Ukraine Pavel Gubarev – Russian State TV Excerpts (Oct. 11, 2022 – Oct. 5, 2023)
  • These are Russian people, possessed by the devil. We are coming to convince them, not to kill them. But if you don’t want us to change your minds, then we will kill you. We will kill as many of you as we have to. We will kill 1 million, or 5 million; we can exterminate all of you until you understand that you’re possessed and you have to be cured. Zelensky is the main possessed one there, he is really the devil’s spawn. He is the Hitler 2.0 with his rabid nationalism, with that rabid Russophobia, with images of a woman cutting a throat, they are bloody possessed Satanists from the standpoint of the Christian thought. From the secular point of view, these are anti-system liberal consumers, stupid people, who can’t figure out what’s happening.” (Oct. 11, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “I believe that the goal of the special military operation is the liquidation of Ukraine’s nationhood. The existence of the Ukrainian nation in any form will always be adversarial towards Russia and the Russian people.” (July 21, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “I don’t know how we [Russians and Ukrainians] can live together after our victory. We can’t commit genocide to them all. We will have to ‘re-educate’ them, create concentration camps. But for this we must win at any cost and kill as many people as necessary.” (Oct. 5, 2023, translated by Ukrainian media monitor Den Kazansky)
Member of the Russian State Duma Andrey Gurulyov – Russian State TV Excerpts – (Oct. 19, 2022 – May 28, 2023)
  • “If you have no water, no sewer, we’re projecting the flood of refugees toward Western borders, Correct? Because it’s impossible to survive. There is no heating, no water, no sewer, no lights. You can’t cook food, no place to store food, there is no way to transport the food… How does one live in a country where nothing works?” (Oct. 19, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • We should shut down the topic of Ukraine for good and admit that denazification and demilitarization will shut down Ukraine as a project once and for all. It once existed, but it is no more. There is no Ukraine. This is a territory of Russia. A territory of that Russia that used to be known as the Soviet Union. This is the most important thing to accomplish today.” (Feb. 13, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “If we select a target – for example, it is one city, one region or something else, you clean it out in such a way that there’s nothing left. If we say that it’s Kyiv – they say that Kyiv is the mother of all Russian cities – yes, it is the mother of all Russian cities. But if we need to turn Kyiv into ruins and for our flag to sit there atop those ruins, then this is what we should arrive at.” (Feb. 23, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “In military-speak, decision-making centers are called control systems. Control systems consist of three elements: control bodies, control centers, and a communications system, an automated control system. The control bodies are Zelensky, Podolyak, Zaluzhny, Syrsky and so on. We need to realize clearly that they shouldn’t be on Earth. Nothing at all is stopping us! And that needs to be said openly. The second thing is control centers. First, everyday control centers – the presidential office in Kyiv and the government building – should be turned into dust!” (May 3, 2023, translated by media monitor Francis Scarr)
  • “[The demilitarization of Ukraine entails the] total nonexistence of Ukraine as a nation.” (May 28, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Anton Krasovsky, then-Director of Broadcasting for RT – Russian State TV Excerpts (Oct. 23, 2022 – May 22, 2023) 
  • “[Ukrainian children] should have been drowned in the Tysyna [river], right there, where the duckling swims. Just drown those children, drown them right in Tysyna [river]… Whoever says that Moskals occupied them, you throw them in the river with a strong undercurrent… Over there, every piece of shit little house, there are masses of awful, monstrous little houses, they shit all over the Carpathian Mountains. Carpathian Mountains are disgusting, every hut over there is called ‘smerekova khata.’ Shove them right into those huts and burn them up… [Ukraine] is not supposed to exist at all.” (Oct. 23, 2022, translated by media monitor Julia Davis. Kraskovsky was reportedly suspended after making this statement.)
  • [In response to footage of a Russian soldier beheading a Ukrainian soldier] “This really isn’t who we are, this is what war is. War turns brutality into a routine, an everyday occurrence. There is no such thing as a war without cruelty. It has no bounds or boundaries. Is it scary for me to see this footage? Yes, of course. Do I condemn our guys? No, and I never will! The Lord will purge all of this scum, filth and cruelty. But we have to win – at any cost, in order to survive, in order to remain.” (April 13, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “I’m amazed at Kyiv’s rhetoric that came to be. It is the rhetoric of total moral fearlessness. You simply are not people. You are creatures.” (May 12, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • [In response to a question about his previous comments on Ukrainian children] “I didn’t say they should be killed, just drowned and burned.” (May 22, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Vladlen Tatarsky, Pro-Kremlin blogger and war correspondent – Interview with Russian State TV host Sergey Mardan – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Oct. 23, 2022)
  • “What are Ukrainians? I suddenly understood it. A Ukrainian is a Russian who got sick. Like a transvestite, he was born a man, then something happened, he had an operation, decided to become a woman and live like one. He puts on a dress, a wig, puts lipstick on, and goes that way all over town. It looks a bit peculiar, you think: is that a man? That’s a man – no, that’s a woman. A Ukrainian is a Russian spiritual transvestite, who is trying to squeeze into another skin. I was always interested: when was this moment when they have shifted from a healthy Russian person, let’s say, a Southern Russian person, and into total schizophrenia. The future of Ukraine, those people who live there, is that they are Russian people and they will return to their normal state.”
  • “When we win in Ukraine, the future of these people is that they are Russian people, who recovered from their craziness, their spiritual transvestism, and returned to their normal state.”
  • “In order to reset things way back, all of those [Holodomor] monuments have to be destroyed, and all of those cult sites, all monuments erected after 1991 that are related to Ukraine’s independence, or its new and remade history, have to be completely destroyed.”
  • Sergey Mardan then says, “It’s impossible to defeat Ukrainianism as an idea if you don’t formulate a counter-idea… [Alexander] Dugin is correct a hundredfold when he says that in order to defeat Ukraine, you have to defeat Ukraine within yourself. That aggressive, fascist, misanthropic ideology of Western liberalism has to be eradicated in its every form. They are countless, they permeate our entire life. We have to eliminate them here. And only then we will win.”
Oleg Karpovich, Director of the Institute of Contemporary Studies at the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs  – “On the way to real denazification”  – Izvestia (Oct. 25, 2022)
  • “The prevention of new bloody crises in Russian-Ukrainian relations will be possible only when it is possible to erase from the minds of Ukrainians the traces of the joint efforts of the collective West and its local collaborators to set the Slav brothers against each other. To do this, firstly, it is necessary to create an attractive alternative, cleansed of the legacy of more than thirty years of occupation, in the new Russian territories – to demonstrate to those residents of Ukraine who have not succumbed to propaganda that a choice in favor of a future freed from toxic ‘Ukrainianism’ is always possible.”
  • “The liberation of the Ukrainian people means a comprehensive and effective counteraction to destructive myths, which made it possible to endow the descendants of the Bandera militants with additional arguments in favor of the destruction of the Russian-speaking ‘Untermensch’. We are liberating not only territories, but also minds that have been repeatedly poisoned by the Russophobic authorities of the country.”
Assistant Secretary of the Security Council of Russia Alexey Pavlov — What is cooked in the “witch’s cauldron.” Neo-pagan cults gain strength in Ukraine — Federal AIF (Oct. 26, 2022)
  • “I believe that with the continuation of the special military operation, it becomes more and more urgent to carry out the de-Satanization of Ukraine, or, as the head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov aptly put it, its ‘complete de-Satanization.’”
Petr Akopov, Russian propagandist – “A new stage of the dismantling of Ukraine has begun” – RIA Novosti via DISCRED.RU (Nov. 10, 2022)
  • “We need to return Ukraine to its natural state of part of the Russian world.”
  • The entire current Ukrainian elite and the current state of Ukraine are doomed.”
  • “We will not allow generations of Ukrainians and South Russian people to continue to be brought up in the denial of their own Russianness and in their hatred for Russia. The current Ukraine is incompatible with Russia – neither with the historical (because it is part of it), nor with the future, because it will be used against us.”
Dmitry Steshin, war correspondent – Russian State TV Excerpts (Nov. 19, 2022 – Aug. 20, 2023)
  • These [Ukrainian] people have shaped themselves, their identity on the denial of everything that is Muscovite. This is a horrid deviation, because at its root is their denial of themselves. Therefore, you can’t consider them as people with full-fledged morality and normal mental apparatus. It became clear to me a long time ago, when I came up with the term ‘crypto-Banderites.’ We don’t need to liberate anyone over there. We need to take what’s ours and make it so that they’re afraid to even think about so much as to breathe the wrong way towards Russia… We’ll see what kind of a beautiful life we’ll create for them and how they’ll want to again rethink their identity.” (Nov. 19, 2022, translated by Russian media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “I worry that we have plenty of ‘smart people’ who will again dabble in a Ukrainian identity, vyshyvankas, independence… For some reason, they’ve decided this identity should be preserved! An artificially-created identity, which started the bloodiest war of the twenty-first century!” (Aug. 20, 2023, translated by Russian media monitor Julia Davis)
Boris Chernyshov, State Duma member – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Nov. 19, 2022)
  • These retaliatory strikes – and they are retaliatory – it’s an expression of our hatred, our holy hatred. They’ll be sitting without gas, without light, and without everything else. If the Kyiv regime chose the path of war criminals, they have to freeze and rot over there.”
Rostislav Ishchenko, political scientist – Interview with Russian State TV host Sergey Mardan – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Nov. 27, 2022)
  • “From my point of view, as long as Ukraine continues to exist in any state, the threat to Russia will also continue to exist. Clearly, Ukraine is not the only one posing a threat, but Ukraine is a direct, constant threat. You can deal with Hungarians, Poles, Americans, Mexicans or anybody else, even with penguins in the Antarctic, but you can’t agree on anything with Russian people who call themselves Ukrainians on the basis of rejecting everything that is Russian. This is an eschatological enemy. Therefore, in my opinion, I don’t know whether or not [Ukraine] will remain… I believe that all efforts should be devoted to make sure that there is not even a memory left of it.”
  • TV host Mardan then says, “I believe that this is rational for everyone: for us, for citizens of the former Ukrainian Soviet Republic, and even for the Europeans, if you can believe it. Even the Poles would benefit by Ukraine not existing. It would be much more peaceful for everybody… Right now, the barbarians are on our Western borders. A difficult campaign against barbarians is underway.”
Yuri Kot, pro-government pundit – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Francis Scarr (Jan. 11, 2023)
  • “Such people have taken to the dark side and are proving themselves to be Russophobes, so it’s simply pointless to try talking to them in human terms. They’re enemies, just enemies… The enemy’s children can be re-educated, but the enemy himself must be eliminated!
Vyacheslav Molotov, State Duma member – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Jan. 16, 2023)
  • “To a large degree, this is an eschatological conflict. This is not a conflict between Russians and Ukrainians, which is entirely artificial. We are one people. This is a conflict of good versus evil, light versus darkness… War is a cruel thing. At the same time, we’re stronger than [Ukrainians] are because we are humans and over there, they’re mostly the non-humans.”
Anna Dolgareva, Russian propagandist – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor and Advisor to the Ukrainian Minister of Internal Affairs (Feb. 16, 2023)
  • Igor Mangushev, captain of the Luhansk People’s Republic, “always said that denazification was possible purely physically. You just have to destroy those who are at war with us and educate their children in the Russian spirit … We just need to destroy those who are at war with us, those who are holding weapons in their hands. After that, the rest can be denazified when they are on Russian territory, in some peripheral federal district.”
Petr Akopov – “Ukrainian dreams will bring Europe to self-destruction” – RIA Novosti (Feb. 16, 2023)
  • “They believe not just in the greatness of their fictitious people (fictionalized because the Little Russian part of the Russian people turned into ‘non-Russian Ukrainians’, and then Russophobes), but in its great mission. The mission of destroying Russia, and not independently, but just together with Europe.”
  • “This ‘Ukrainian myth’ is absolutely anti-historical, but it has already firmly settled in the minds of a considerable part of the population of the Nezalezhnaya. Moreover, the most cunning of the manipulators go further and simply call Ukraine the ‘heir of Rus’ and the Ukrainians ‘Real Russians’, thereby canceling both the Russians and Russia.”
Putin – Presidential Address to Federal Assembly (Feb. 21, 2023)
  • The West “started turning Ukraine into an ‘anti-Russia.’ Actually, this project is not new. People who are knowledgeable about history at least to some extent realise that this project dates back to the 19th century. The Austro-Hungarian Empire and Poland had conceived it for one purpose, that is, to deprive Russia of these historical territories that are now called Ukraine. This is their goal. There is nothing new here; they are repeating everything.”
  • Russophobia and extremely aggressive nationalism formed [Ukraine’s] ideological foundation.”
  • “Responsibility for inciting and escalating the Ukraine conflict as well as the sheer number of casualties lies entirely with the Western elites and, of course, today’s Kiev regime, for which the Ukrainian people are, in fact, not its own people.
Putin – Congratulations on the Occasion of Defender of the Fatherland Day (Feb. 23, 2023)
  • “Our troops are heroically fighting the neo-Nazism that has taken root in Ukraine, protecting our people in our historical lands, and are fighting courageously and heroically.”
Russian State TV Host Sergey Mardan – Russian State TV Excerpts (March 28, 2023 – March 31, 2024)
  • “Someone is still worried that God forbid, God forbid, we are yet to decide for ourselves that this formation that appeared on the map in 1991 by the name of the nation of Ukraine isn’t the same khimera that should simply be erased off the map. People who self-identify as patriots of this khimera are degenerates. People who are fighting for it are criminals. Taken separately, every one of them may be normal. For many of them, Russian is their native language. It doesn’t change anything. For Chikatilo [serial killer], Russian was also his native language. Does that make him more acceptable, more normal? Should we be more sympathetic towards him than if he was an American, a German, or the native of Burkina Faso?I don’t understand how this is even relevant. I don’t know which conclusion to draw from this. In one year, all conclusions have already been reached. These are simply animals. They don’t need to be agitated to lose their human form. They have no human form anymore. There is no pity for any of them, not one of them. This is whom the Russian Army is fighting – ghouls. Fighting against the undead who rose from the grave, yes yes yes, just like in the TV series.” (Mar. 28, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • Ukraine is doomed. It is an amazing place with an amazing fate, like a sinkhole that leads to hell where history walks in circles. This historical circle is of a small diameter. It’s a ruin that repeats time and time again. Fiery whirlwinds keep rolling through this land, leaving nothing in their wake, practically every 100 years. What Ukraine will come to in either case is ruin. The Ukrainian history has this concept: anarchy, chaos, and horror… Yes, Ukraine is doomed to drink its bitter cup, to drink its endlessly bitter cup to the very bottom. In 1991, millions of people had the misfortune to end up there, for their children and grandchildren to be born there. They were unlucky. This is not the way they had imagined their fate. Well, it happens.”(April 2, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “When I say that Kyiv is a Russian city, it’s not a figure of speech, not an ideological mantra, it’s not methodology, this is simply a fact! Kyiv was, is, and will be a Russian city due to its origins, its culture, its cultural code, its customs, its language and its accent!… And now the children of the same people from Kyiv that I’ve encountered many years ago say that more than anything in the world, they would like to get rid of Rusnya [Russian invaders]. This is incredible, since they are Russian themselves! How do you erase that part of your brain that controls your ethnic, cultural identity?… Our media, our politicians, our official spokespeople, even they keep saying, saying, saying and repeating, ‘Ukrainians, Ukrainians, Ukrainians’ – meaning what? At least half of Ukraine’s population is Russian! Why the hell are you counting them as Ukrainians? … For over 30 years, we took it for granted that Ukraine exists and that everyone who lives in Ukraine is Ukrainian. Why, all of a sudden? Says who? Where did you get that? … These people, whose ethnic origins have no meaning, they can be anyone at all – Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Crimean Tatars or even Tanzanians. But any person who takes on the identity as a citizen of independent Ukraine, sings this hideous thing called the Ukrainian anthem, warps his brain by speaking someone else’s language, which is not his native tongue. It’s unfit for speaking, you can only sing in it. It’s simply ridiculous. He rejects the huge body of Russian literature. He rejects himself, rejects the entire Russian culture. And if you, being Russian by culture, reject the Russian culture, what is left within you, what do you become? You simply become an animal! Everything else that makes a human human, especially, pardon me, a civilized human, there is none of that in these people! … We see an external manifestation of a mass insanity among many people, but of course, not all of them… This is us, this is our land! This is our land!” (June 12, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • They’ve totally dehumanized us. They’ve totally separated from us. The group they are calling the Ukrainians includes Russian people, who were simply unlucky to be born and grow up on the territory of the former Soviet Ukrainian Republic. They’re calling them Ukrainians, I can’t understand why!” (Aug. 20, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • [Discussing arguments made by Alexander Khodakovsky, Russian-backed general and politician] “[Khodakovsky] is rhetorically asking, ‘Perhaps the Ukrainian national character and the Ukrainian genome is a harmful bacteria that infects a healthy Russian organism?’ Next, he says, ‘I don’t see the way of digesting this infected carcass — Ukraine. The experiment with relocation turned out to be harmful. They can be allowed into our organism only selectively. We say that we’re supposed to cleanse Ukraine of scum, but how, to engage in genocide? This is not our method… If there are territories to which we can expel all those who are incapable of demonstrating loyalty, it will be easier for us. So many haters of Russia will accumulate on these territories, that their hatred will cause sepsis, a blood infection’ … Any Ukrainian becomes a Russian in a matter of ten years! In my life, I’ve communicated with people from about 20 Ukrainian cities, cities that were truly Ukrainian, Ukrainian, Ukrainian! They are the same Russian people that I am!” (Sept. 11, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • Political Ukrainianness as a phenomenon is a type of Nazism. This type of Nazism will have to be eradicated. It’s currently being eradicated by our soldiers on the frontlines. After that, civilian administrations will have to do this very important part of a job. People who work with the mindset. We openly say that during 30 years, the brains of two generations of normal people, our close fellow countrymen, who lived on the territory of the former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, have been brainwashed into an incredible state. Many of them have been turned into shapeshifters. They don’t hear us and we don’t understand them. These people have to be converted back into normal Russian people. This is a difficult job. Otherwise, it will be what we have right now. Political Ukrainianness is a type of Nazism. [Ukraine] is poisoned with it, it may be incurable. There are many of them, we understand it. We will have to do something about it. They will have to be reprogrammed with monuments, heroes and symbols, teaching history in schools, teaching Russian literature in schools. In this history of the Russian literature they will study, what place will Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko [a Ukrainian poet] have? A special one? An important one? I don’t think so! That’s in the past.” (March 10, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis).
  • All of Ukraine will be methodically turned into a sanitary zone. What is a sanitary zone? It’s a territory of war. It’s a terrain that has no electricity, where the bridges and transport hubs are broken, where there are no railways, where large cities aren’t capable of sustaining a normal livelihood, because there is no working water supply, no sewers, no working emergency services or hospitals. These are the places from where people leave en masse… I believe that there is now a total consensus around this idea, that Ukraine has to be dismantled brick by brick, so that nothing at all is left there!” (March 31, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis) 
College in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia – “Conversations about what matters” – translated by media monitor Julia Davis via Telegram channel @nizhny01 (March 29, 2023)
  • [Referencing an image of a dead pig draped in the Ukrainian flag] “A pig is a well-known, widespread, popular image that symbolizes Ukraine. In order to make it more illustrative, we covered it with the Ukrainian flag. We took this photograph as a visual demonstration to show the fate of the Ukrainian nation as a whole. Just like this pig.”
Pavel Astakhov, Former Children’s Rights Commissioner – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (April 4, 2023)
  • They [Ukrainians] have to be destroyed and that’s it! Because it would be a compromise with the devil… God is not with those who persecute, but with those who are being persecuted. Their current government is not of God. They will put ashes upon their heads.”
UPDATED Medvedev – Posts by Medvedev – Twitter/X (April 4, 2023 – June 23, 2025)
  • “All these foul ACF and MBH-media, nalvany, volkov, ponomaryov, and other clones of khodorkhovsky have turned into ordinary terrorists and killers. They are utterly enjoying the sight of Russian citizens’ blood. They flare their nostrils in excitement, looking at wounded and crippled bodies. They have fervently pledged to darkness and terror, along with the murderers from the Nazi regime in Kiev, native to them. One does not negotiate with terrorists. They are exterminated as rabid dogs, poisonous saliva flowing from their mouths; without unnecessary, pathetic speeches, even if sometimes it takes years to get them. Forgiveness and compassion are not applicable to them. This is what the higher justice is all about.” (tweeted April 4, 2023)
  • WHY WILL UKRAINE DISAPPEAR? BECAUSE NOBODY NEEDS IT
    • There’s a nice perspective ahead: to permanently put the nouveau-Ukrainian blood-sucking parasites on the decrepit EU’s arthritis-crippled neck. That’ll be the final fall of Europe, once majestic, but robbed off by degeneration.
    • Russia doesn’t need Ukraine. A threadbare quilt, torn, shaggy, and greasy. The new Malorossiya of 1991 is made up of the artificially cut territories, many of which are indigenously Russian, separated by accident in the 20th century. Millions of our compatriots live there, harassed for years by the Nazi Kiev regime. It is them who we defend in our special military operation, relentlessly eradicating the enemy. We don’t need unterukraine. We need Big Great Russia.
    • Finally, its own citizens don’t need the Nazi-headed Ukraine. That’s why out of 45 million people there’s only some 20 million remaining. That’s why those who stayed want to leave for any place: the hated Poland, EU, NATO, to be America’s 51nd state. Joining the Antarctic with its penguins will also be fine. As long as it’s quiet, and the food’s good. The ruling junta’s criminal ambitions forced Ukrainians to beg and roam around the countries and continents, searching for a better life. All that is for an obscure European perspective. Or rather, to let the harlequin in a khaki tricot and his band of thievish Nazi clowns to put the money stolen from the West into their offshore accounts. Would ordinary Ukrainians need that?
  • Nobody on this planet needs such a Ukraine. That’s why it’ll disappear.” (tweeted April 8, 2023)
  • “How gratifying it is, that the rotting corpse of Ukraine is headed by dim-witted mankurts: the corrupt hucksters and stoned clowns, who worship their overseas masters. How really advantageous it is, that these morons have come up with an unviable “peace formula”, and frothing at the mouth, reject all other variants of negotiations. How really fortunate it is, that the mad clown signed his little paper banning any talks with our country. All that will let Russia bring what it has started in the special military operation to an end. To the end of the bandera regime. To the end of neo-nazi ideology, and to the retribution to Kiev judahs who have destroyed masses of their own citizens for the sake of the money stolen from the West. Let the earth burn under their feet!” (July 31, 2023)
  • The so-called former Ukraine doesn’t show any will to enter negotiations – in any case, based on recognizing the realities that V.V.Putin noted yesterday. For them, realities are nothing but the mind-numbing “peace formula” by a green tricot-clad provincial clown. Just that. It looks so far-fetched that the only way out is to come up with our own Russian formula, orderly and quite realistic, humane to everyone. Like what? For example, like this:
    • 1. Recognition by the former (further, f.) “Ukraine” its military defeat in the conflict; total and unconditional surrender of the f. “Ukraine” represented by the neo-nazi clique in Kiev; demilitarization of the f. “Ukraine” and banning the creation of military formations within its boundaries in the future.
    • 2. Recognition by the international community of the nazi character of the f. political regime in Kiev, and carrying out – supervised by the UN – forced denazification of all of the government agencies of the f. “Ukraine”.
    • 3. Assertion by the UN the f. “Ukraine’s” loss of its international legal personality, and inability of any of its legal successors’ to join military alliances.
    • 4. Resignation of all the constitutional bodies of the f. “Ukraine”, and holding immediate election to a provisional parliament of the f. “Ukraine’s” territory, self-governing under the UN aegis.
    • 5. Approval by the provisional parliament of the bills concerning all due payments to Russia, including those to our country’s deceased citizens’ relatives, and health damage compensation for the wounded; establishing order of compensating for property damage done to the subjects of the Russian Federation.
    • 6. Official recognition by the provisional parliament of the f. “Ukraine” that all of its territory is the territory of the Russian Federation; adoption of an act of unification of the f. “Ukraine’s” territory with Russia.
    • 7. Self-dissolution of the provisional parliament; recognition of the unification act by the UN.
    • Such can be a soft Russian peace formula. This is a compromise position, right?” (tweeted March 14, 2024)
  • “The Trump administration no longer wants to feed the Nazi mutt in Kiev. The flea-ridden dog was picked up by a decrepit Europe, joyfully exclaiming ‘My doggie’! It’s no use, the mad parasitic dog is dangerous. So, better to put it down quietly, without any suffering.” (posted March 4, 2025)
  • “There is a legitimate government in Ukraine, and it is obvious that it must be respected, the UN Secretary General said. This, alas, is a double lie. The nit is illegitimate. There’s nothing to respect him for. He failed, his people are dying, and his country is disappearing.” (posted March 29, 2025)
  • “We are glad to see friends who are joining us in celebrating the 80th anniversary of the crushing defeat of Nazi Germany. This is something the European lapdogs helping today’s typhus-ridden neo-Nazi lice should remember.” (posted May 8, 2025)
  • “The green tapeworm has crawled into England, demanding 0.25% of the allies’ GDP (!). At the same time, he can’t even account for 30% of the money he’s received for weapons. How long will you tolerate parasites in your body, Europeans and Americans?!” (posted June 23, 2025)
Vladimir Kohmyakov, Journalist – The main weapon arrived. Russian victory is inevitable – Tsargrad (May 15, 2023)
  • “The collapse of the USSR led to the emergence of a number of states in the post-Soviet space that fell into varying degrees of dependence on the collective West. One of them was Ukraine, which for 8 years of the puppet regime was turned into anti-Russia and the main geopolitical tool aimed at the destruction of the Russian world. Therefore, the very existence of such a Ukraine is an existential threat to the Russian people.”
  • “From a spiritual and moral point of view, the NWO [special military operation] is a holy war, in which Russia fulfills the mission of Katekhon [a Biblical concept], which keeps the world from the onset of global evil… Upon completion of the NWO, the entire territory of present-day Ukraine should enter the zone of exclusive influence of Russia.”
  • The reunification of the Russian people, the restoration of their historical living space and creative potential are the key conditions for the true revival of Russia.”
  • “Ukrainian nationalism should be legally assessed by the highest state authorities of the Russian Federation, it should be recognized as a destructive ideology that threatens traditional spiritual and moral values, and an extremist ideology.”
  • “The most important factor in the recovery of the economy and the social sphere of the territories reunited with Russia may be the implementation of the state program there for the development of industrial individual housing construction (IHS) and the mass resettlement of citizens in comfortable individual residential buildings.”
Alexei Zhuravlyov, State Duma Member – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Francis Scarr (May 18, 2023)
  • “We need to say honestly and clearly that we have to change the aims of the special operation. We said we wanted demilitarization and denazification, but in actual fact there’s full nazification there! There’s no other ideology there! That’s it!”
Alexei Didenko, State Duma member – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (May 29, 2023)
  • The language of the [Ukrainian] enemy should not be studied. It should not be respected, it should not exist! There shouldn’t be any horrible signs in this language, no materials [in Ukrainian], nothing at all! This is an incitement to ethnic hatred, it’s prohibited! This [Ukrainian] language should not exist… Neither this [Ukrainian] nation nor this language should exist! Cleanse it all out, cleanse out all of its sources.”
Putin – Answer to question about drone attack on Moscow and Moscow Region (May 30, 2023)
  • “The territory that is called Ukraine was virtually controlled from the very beginning by people who, being led by the West, took the path of not just confronting Russia, but creating an ‘anti-Russia’ on that territory.”
Andrey Norkin, State TV host – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (May 31, 2023)
  • Strictly put, why aren’t we destroying them [Ukrainians] like rats?
Bogdan Bezpalko, Member of the Russian Council for Interethnic Relations – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (May 31, 2023)
  • “I’ll be brief: Victory means the destruction of Ukraine’s nationhood.
Vlad Shlepchenko, journalist of nationalist pro-Putin media outlet – Ukrainian drones opened the way for cruise missiles to Moscow: There is only one way out! – Tsargrad (May 31, 2023)
  • “The only way to 100% protect our country from Ukrainian strikes is to destroy Ukrainian statehood, eliminate its military-political leadership and armed forces, reach the western borders as quickly as possible and return historically Russian lands to Russia. Fight. Until victory.”
Aleksandr Dugin, Russian political analyst – Comments at “What Kind of Ukraine Do We Need?” Forum in Moscow – via Russian news site PolitNavigator (June 1, 2023)
  • “We needed a friendly Ukraine. The only Ukraine we need is a friendly Ukraine. After 30 years she was rapidly leaving, turning into an unfriendly Ukraine, we could endure, endure, tolerate a neutral Ukraine… But hostile Ukraine, which is joining NATO, we not only do not need, it is impossible. This is the explanation of the Special Military Operation… A friendly Ukraine could survive, develop and gradually become a full-fledged, sovereign state. Neutral is already more problematic, because the balance was difficult, some situations led us to tough decisions. But when it became openly hostile, especially after 2014, after that Ukraine no longer exists for us. Since the 14th year, we no longer need any Ukraine, we don’t need any Ukraine, and we are fighting so it doesn’t exist anymore.”
Natalya Nikanorova, Senator of the Donetsk People’s Republic – Comments at “What Kind of Ukraine Do We Need?” Forum in Moscow – via Russian state-owned news site Ukraina.ru (June 1, 2023)
  • “I know that there are discussions in the scientific community about this plan [of denazification]… We have all the evidence of infection with the virus. But we need to decide on our official attitude towards the Kiev regime: what kind of regime is this, what kind of relations do we see in the future, what signs of denazification are we seeing? And then we will be able to build our positions.”
Dmitry Evstafiev, School of Integrated Communications professor at HSE (Higher School of Economics) University – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (June 2, 2023 – June 10, 2023)
  • “About Bakhmut, it looks like a universe of death. The point of existence of this social system, which can’t be described as a civilization – self-destruction is its reason for existing, as well as destroying everything else. This is a universe of death! The behavior of the Ukrainian leadership – the so-called Ukrainian leadership, since we know that it’s really based in Washington, DC, we understand all of that – but this group that is in charge of operations of the territory by the name of the former Ukrainian Socialist Republic, their goal is self destruction as well as maximum destruction of culture, values, people, industries, even agriculture.” (June 2, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “I keep looking at the Kyiv regime, at its military, at the Westerners who are courting this regime and are supporting it in every way – they don’t feel any pain. Do you know who feels no pain? The dead! They are already dead! They are the undead! Our army, our heroes are fighting against the undead! They fight the darkness that drowns out the light! They can’t feel pain! They don’t care!” (June 10, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Vlad Shlepchenko, journalist of nationalist pro-Putin media outlet – Three cities of Ukraine that will save the Russians. Direction of impact marked – Tsargrad (June 2, 2023)
  • “In the current situation, it is obvious that the preservation of Ukraine as an allegedly independent state does not make any sense. The security of Russia as a whole and of individual citizens requires the complete liberation of the historically Russian lands. Ukraine must be destroyed.
Konstantin Zatulin, First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on CIS Affairs, Eurasian Integration and Relations with Compatriots – The State Duma stated the failure of all Putin’s goals in Ukraine – The Moscow Times (June 3, 2023)
  • “On which of these points [of denazification, demilitarization and neutrality of Ukraine] did we achieve results? None. Moreover, some of them have ceased to have any meaning. For example, the neutrality of Ukraine. What is the meaning of this requirement? None at the moment. It will not be neutral if it remains in existence.”
Olga Skabeeva, State TV Host – Russian State TV Excerpts (June 4, 2023 – June 17, 2023)
  • “We can draw only one conclusion: the Ukrainian question has to be solved once and for all. Otherwise, it may be too late… What comes to mind right now, I will say it again, is to destroy every living thing in the Kharkiv region as a punishment and as a deterrent.” (June 4, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “[Dmitry] Medvedev, who is currently proposing for us to find and destroy all the holed-up roaches, said 1 year ago that if they [Ukrainians] infringe on Russian Crimea, there will be a big crater where Kyiv used to be.” (June 17, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Vladimir Skachko, journalist of Russian state-owned,  pro-Putin media outlet – How Ukrainians can save their immortal soul and mortal body – Ukraina.ru (June 5, 2023)
  • The first goal [of the NWO] – the denazification – will help save the immortal [Ukrainian] soul, cleanse it from the haze of neo-Nazism, racism, xenophobia, national arrogance and misanthropy, with the help of which the Ukrainian people are not only cemented into some kind of aggressive and evil community waging war, but also turned into a hostage nation and the kamikaze people thrown into this war.”
  • “The second goal – demilitarization – is designed to save the mortal body of Ukrainians, providing them with peace and taking away weapons from their hands… With the complete transition of Ukraine into Russia, everything will become clear – it will be disarmed in accordance with Russian laws.”
  • “Ukrainians should be offered a re-education matrix that should help them freely and consciously, but at first under strict control, acquire new state structures and institutions of power at all levels, a new economic policy and a new identity. If not in a family, then at least in good neighborliness with other people and states.”
Yuri Knutov, Military Analyst – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (June 5, 2023)
  • [Responding to another analyst discussing the severity of war] “Bringing up some Ukraine – Ukraine is nothing! It’s a puppet controlled by strings! More than 50 countries are commanding Ukraine!”
Alexei Zhuravlyov, State Duma member – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (June 6, 2023)
  • [Regarding the Kakhovka Dam collapse] “[Ukrainians] have about 600 [tanks], so they’ll keep coming. They will certainly keep doing it. They will keep bluntly crawling forward, like roaches, until all of them get squashed.”
Putin – Plenary session of the St Petersburg International Economic Forum (June 16, 2023)
  • “Bandera was an anti-Semite and a neo-Nazi. But no one appears to want to hear that because Zelensky has Jewish blood. But he is covering for these freaks, these neo-Nazis, with his actions… If this is not the current edition of neo-Nazism, then what is it? We have every right to believe that our goal of denazifying Ukraine is one of the key goals.”
Ishchenko – Interview with Ukraina.ru Correspondent Alexander Porunov – Ukraina.ru (June 17, 2023)
  • “Now Ukrainian statehood has been destroyed and destroyed, but the presence of efficient law enforcement agencies implies the possibility, relying on Western or Russian money, on anyone else’s, but on external support, on Chinese, a quick restoration of such statehood, no matter what, Nazi or anti-Nazi. But the presence of a power lever suggests that statehood can be restored fairly quickly. If this power lever does not exist and these structures are completely disintegrated and destroyed, then, given that Ukraine no longer has any administrative or political efficient structures, then restoration seems completely impossible. Then, not only for us, but also for our neighbors, the question arises whether Ukraine has or not in order to restore the normal administration of its own territory. Who will manage these territories and how it will be carried out.”
  • “If we go to the borders of NATO, then there is no such Ukraine anymore. There is Russia here, and there is NATO.”
  • “Yes, it was no such coincidence that we talked about denazification and demilitarization. Demilitarization and neutralization presupposes that the armed force that is capable of posing a threat to Russia will disappear from the state. Neutralization assumes that foreign troops will no longer be located on its territory. Denazification assumes that pro-Western politicians, who turned out to be all Nazis, will no longer be able to come to power there. Consequently, the de facto neutralization, denazification and demilitarization of Ukraine presupposes the creation of a Russian protectorate out of it.”
Vyacheslav Nikonov, State Duma deputy – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (June 21, 2023)
  • [Responding to a question about the message of Russia holding elections in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions] “The message is totally clear: that this is forever! A legitimate government is needed and it will be Russian.”
Yevgeny Nikiforov, head of the Orthodox Radio Channel “Radonezh” — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Aug. 3, 2023)
  • [Ukrainians are] godless, it’s all about godlessness… The main problem is our own faint-heartedness! From the very start, we’ve been trying to negotiate! You can’t make deals with demons! There’s nothing to negotiate… They have no laws, they are a lawless people! They are the offspring of lawlessness… The illness in Ukraine is so far gone that you can’t convince them or negotiate with them. You can’t cure them this way! Only surgery will work there. The only response to these statements by the Nazis is a Solntsepyok [heavy thermobaric rocket launcher]. It has to be burned out! Some will say, ‘Oy, this is not a Christian method!’ This way is quite Christian! These people position themselves as pagans! Then take it like pagans! No New Testament ethics for you! Only the Old Testament! Like the apostle, who personally slit the throats of 300 servants at the Valaam! This is how we should deal with these too! Destroy them without any doubt! Apply only the Old Testament ethics! This is the only language they understand!
Sergei Markov, Putin’s former advisor — Russian State TV Excerpts (Aug. 5, 2023 – Aug. 11, 2023)
  • “Understand, Ukraine is the main test site in the world for creating an artificial society! Sometimes it is said that there is fascism there. Fascists and Banderites are a tiny part of their society! They have an artificial political-scientific fascism, created by American and British political technologies! They will turn them into zombies, into cult members, I think they will force some to become homosexuals!” (Aug. 5, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “[Ukrainians] were part of a highly developed civilization! The main principle is widely known: Ukraine with Russia is flourishing, Ukraine without Russia turns into ruins. Right now, it’s turning into ruins! Ukraine does not exist as an independent nation. Ukraine exists as a geographical region, it has beautiful landscapes and poor, unhappy, suffering people. The occupation of Ukraine is not the same as it was in the times of Hitler. The occupation of Ukraine by Americans is the occupation of state institutions and occupation of people’s minds, with a forced change of identity! These are the latest political technologies, which change the identities of people! They turn into an army of zombies. That is what poor Ukraine is going through right now… That’s why the name of Ukraine is now synonymous with the word “catastrophe” and self-destruction of their own country! That’s why our special operation is not a war against Ukraine, this is a war of liberation of these unfortunate people from a terrorist occupation by a nation which is tormenting and killing them and us and is ready to kill all the rest!” (Aug. 11, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Ishchenko — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Aug. 11, 2023 – Jan. 2, 2024)
  • “Our problem is that we wage a war of liberation, but a significant part of Ukraine’s population recognizes themselves as Ukrainians, having rejected their Russianness. They view this as a war of national liberation. They are trying to liberate themselves from us. We are liberating them from Banderites… From the standpoint of preserving Russia’s security, can Ukraine as such even exist? We should understand that relations with Ukraine are not like relations with Poland. Relations with Ukraine are relations with a part of Russia that declared itself anti-Russia. For this part, we are the absolute evil a priori. If we allow a part of Ukrainian nationhood to remain, we are creating a future problem and a revanchist structure on our borders. If we can’t swallow it whole, then we should try to forcefully split it up with our neighbors, like Belarus, but we simply cannot keep this around for the future.”
  • “Our problem is that we wage a war of liberation, but a significant part of Ukraine’s population recognizes themselves as Ukrainians, having rejected their Russianness. They view this as a war of national liberation. They are trying to liberate themselves from us. We are liberating them from Banderites… From the standpoint of preserving Russia’s security, can Ukraine as such even exist? We should understand that relations with Ukraine are not like relations with Poland. Relations with Ukraine are relations with a part of Russia that declared itself anti-Russia. For this part, we are the absolute evil a priori. If we allow a part of Ukrainian nationhood to remain, we are creating a future problem and a revanchist structure on our borders. If we can’t swallow it whole, then we should try to forcefully split it up with our neighbors, like Belarus, but we simply cannot keep this around for the future.” (Aug. 11, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “We also don’t get upset about their dead. We dryly count them, 100 thousand, 300 thousand, half a million. There are discussions on this topic, I haven’t heard any distress about it. Quite the contrary, the more we kill, the closer is the end of the war.” (Jan. 2, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Ishchenko — “Nonviolent” suppression of Ukrainian as a strategy for Russian victory — via Russian state-owned news site Ukraina.ru (Aug. 21, 2023)
  • “Textbooks will also be printed by the local budget, only they will be written by specially selected people, so that a Ukrainized child, in a language he understands, receives information that he is actually Russian, it’s just that the last generation of his ancestors fell into the heresy of Ukrainianism, which seriously ruined the life of not only himself, but even for him (the child), since his Ukrainized education will not be in demand further than his native village, maximum district. Russianness opens up unprecedented prospects for a career in the civil service, literature, art or business, both within Russia and abroad.”
  • State propaganda will have to actively implant a simple thought in the brain: a Ukrainian is a Russian, whose horizon is limited to the outskirts of his native village and the nearest forest. A person with the necessary and sufficient level of intellectual development from Ukrainian quickly grows into Russian, even if he is unlucky to be born into a Ukrainianized family.”
  • “With a serious approach to the matter, Ukrainianness will begin to collapse in all new territories without any repression, and in twenty to thirty years Ukrainian schools and choral singing and embroidery circles will remain only as harmless relics. Moreover, they will even be useful, since they will become a kind of “honey trap”, where all the unfinished Bandera will be drawn. The competent authorities will not need to make special efforts to identify all potentially disloyal ones – it will be enough to have lists of graduates of the relevant schools (the school also always collects information about parents).”
Egor Kucher — The War is Lost, Ukraine has been Sentenced: Only Russia Can Save It — Tsargrad (Aug. 21, 2023)
  • “We are accustomed to the fact that the main horrors of modern Ukraine are neo-Nazism, Ukrainianism, debauchery in the worst form, militant Russophobia, rewriting history, corruption and puppet anti-democracy. But in the information field little attention is paid to the fact that Ukraine represents the moral and ethical collapse of the anti-Christian state, which has become the black sheep of both the Russian and, more broadly, the Slavic world.”
  • “With such a level of decline in public morality, the rejection of traditional Christian values, the formation of a destructive identity, the basis of which is hatred of Russians on ethnic grounds, Ukraine no longer has a normal state and nation.”
Ivan Lizan, Journalist — Having lost their heads, they don’t cry over their hair: about the main loss of Ukraine – Ukraina.ru (Aug. 24, 2023)
  • “If Ukraine remains at least in some part, then there will no longer be industry on this territory. And until a qualitatively different statehood is created there, there is and cannot be any chance of its revival, and with it a society capable of creation. But the paradox of Ukraine is that its atomized society is incapable of creating anything, including the state as a complex social organism. This means that with each subsequent year of Ukrainian independence, the list of losses of the Ukrainian people will become longer and longer until Ukraine itself is swallowed up by its neighbors, who have a state, an economy and a more or less healthy society.”
Igor Markov, former politician — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Aug. 28, 2023)
  • “When I hear discussions about the future of Ukraine, whether Ukraine will remain, I think that people don’t even understand what is happening… About deliveries of weapons and F-16s, by the time these planes and pilots are ready, the nation of Ukraine should no longer exist!”
Elena Markosyan, political commentator— Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Sept. 2, 2023)
  • “What is Ukraine? What has this country turned into? I don’t even know what to call it… The Ukrainian language cannot become the foundation of Ukraine’s development, or in all other spheres, like its stabilization or politics. I know that it’s impossible, because it immediately cuts the entire society off from the deepest levels of Russian culture! Everything lives in it and grows out of it… Ukraine decided it can build all of it on the basis of the Ukrainian language! Here is the result! Every face is a pig snout! Every action is a joke! It resulted in the country’s degradation! I have no hatred for these people. I have no pity for them either! I look at it as a doctor! A doctor has to cure a sickness! A person who has become ill this way!”
Skachko — Degradation as a path of development. New six “de-” of neo-Nazi Ukraine — Ukraina.ru (Sept. 10, 2023)
  • “These five ‘de-’ then turned out to be primitive, but, alas, obvious:
    • 1) desovereignization – the loss of state sovereignty for the sake of the illusory benefits of staying in the European Union, which did not intend and does not intend to accept Ukraine as a full member;
    • 2) deindustrialization – the destruction of the Ukrainian economy, which could be a competitor to the European or transnational economy;
    • 3) depopulation – a reduction in the population, which is recognized as “excessive” for a reformatted Ukraine, primarily pensioners, the elderly and the sick;
    • 4) de-democratization – replacing generally accepted democratic methods of forming and renewing power with technologies from electoral manipulation of election results to direct coups in the form of Maidans and “color revolutions,” of which there were two in Ukraine. Usurpation of power;
    • 5) de-intellectualization – lowering the educational and intellectual level of the “people” by abandoning the previous education system and introducing technologies for manipulating and dumbing down the minds, primarily of the younger generations.
    • This has all happened in recent years and continues in Ukraine, breaking all conceivable and inconceivable anti-records and reducing its entire existence to one, but the main “de-” – degradation. But since it is not possible to completely remove the Ukrainian “people” (there must remain aborigines who would work “for their uncle” in the “liberated” and “democratized” territories and lands), then new five “de-” were needed, introduced into the heads of based on rabid zoological nationalism, in fact neo-Nazism. Ukrainian. For what? Legitimate but stupid question. To dupe and properly zombify the remaining population in Ukraine, to brainwash and reformat them (the brains) according to new attitudes and postulates. To completely abandon the past in order to build a new future.”
  • “The special military operation (SVO) of Russia in Ukraine has completely exposed all the negative processes, but is designed to stop the processes of degradation with which all these eleven “de-” have merged. However, everyone is now deciding how Ukraine will remain, having already been turned into anti-Russia – de-Ukraine, if linguistic research continues.”
Ishchenko —  On the issue of the post-war structure of Ukraine – Ukraina.ru (Sept. 11, 2023)
  • “Let me remind you that military operations against Ukraine have been going on for a year and a half, and it has been drinking blood from Russia for more than thirty years. The Americans would never have thrown Ukraine into the war against Russia if it were not for the all-conquering kleptomania and inability for state building of the Ukrainian ruling elite. Ukrainian rulers stole Ukraine from themselves and sold it at retail for cheap, only by doing this forcing the Americans to throw this asset into the furnace of war. Without war, a devastated Ukraine would become too burdensome – more would have to be spent on its maintenance than the damage caused to Russia by the existence of such a Ukraine.”
  • “A small area with a predominantly agricultural economy is inexpensive to maintain. The new Ukraine will be turned into something like a military settlement: they feed themselves and are always ready to fight against Russia (the idea of ​​revenge), if only they supply weapons. A surviving, albeit reduced, Ukraine will be a source of permanent dual loyalty within Russia. I’m not talking about outright disloyalty. It’s unpleasant, but you can fight it. I’m talking about double loyalty, which we saw during the collapse of the USSR in the example of the population of the Union republics, when it turned out that for the majority their regional decision-making center turned out to be more important than the all-Union one.”
  • Ukraine will be the same as it was — a black hole sucking up Russian resources. Only a more effectively managed black hole, whose elite will be placed under the direct control of the West and will be led not by the idea of ​​selling everything and running away to Switzerland, but by thoughts of revenge.”
Sergey Lavrov, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs – Interview with Russian State News Agency TASS (Sept. 28, 2023)
  • “We are ready to negotiate, but taking into account the realities currently prevailing ‘on the ground’ and our position, which is well known to everyone. Also taking into account our interests, the interests of our security and preventing the creation of a hostile Nazi regime on the borders of Russia, which openly declared the goal of exterminating everything Russian on the lands that, both in Crimea and Novorossiya, had been developed, settled and settled by Russian people for centuries. This is the crux of the problem now.”
Putin — Speech at the Valdai International Discussion Club (Oct. 5, 2023) 
  • “We just discussed the situation in the Canadian parliament, when the President of Ukraine stood and applauded a Nazi who killed Jews, Russians, and Poles. Does this not show that we rightfully call Ukraine’s current system a pro-Nazi one? The leader of the state stands and applauds a Nazi, not just an ideological follower of Nazism, but a real Nazi, a former SS soldier. Is this not a sign of the Nazification of Ukraine? Does not this give us the right to talk about its denazification?”
Konstantin Dolgov, Russian Senator — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Oct. 22, 2023)
  • “These kids in Ukraine aren’t simply being trained how to stay focused in challenging situations. They’re being trained to fight against Russians, to fight against Russia! An indoctrination is underway, a neo-Nazi kind of indoctrination! … We remember how it ended for the Hitler Jugend. It ended badly for many children who were in it. They simply died. As for the rest, let’s put it this way, everything that was jammed into their heads had to be beaten out of their heads. We will certainly do the same to these [Ukrainian] children! … This is not an easy job. Many were infected by this bacteria! The youth and the adults! … Intellectually, it’s absolutely primitive over there [in Ukraine]! Every place where Kyiv is still in power is a desert! Not just a desert, there is nothing at all in the desert. But here, to the contrary, all of it is filled to the brim with perverted, amplified anti-Russian propaganda. A lot of work is ahead of us! This is a big job! Unfortunately, these generations are already ruined, those that are growing up. But I’m certain that many of them can be saved. I don’t mean just physically, which we are doing in Donbass and Novorossiya, but to save them intellectually and psychologically! Even mentally, we’ll be doing this for a long time… Our history and the history of relations between Russians and Ukrainians when it was Malorossiya and these lands were part of the Russian Empire. A significant part of these lands were Russian lands! There was no Ukraine there whatsoever! Yulia [the interviewer], we have to explain it to this youth. This can’t be done solely by forbidding things, although I think forbidding things is necessary! It’s necessary! … It’s very important to provide them with correct content about their land, about our common history with the Ukrainian people. This history of our country!”
Putin — Meeting with Members of the Russian Security Council and Government (Oct. 30, 2023)
  • “I would like to say once again that we must realize where the root of evil lies. We must know where the spider that is trying to entangle the entire planet and the whole world in its cobweb is. It wants to ensure our strategic defeat on the battlefield, and it is using people on the territory of contemporary Ukraine who have been brainwashed by it for decades.”
Vladimir Bortko, Former Member of the Russian State Duma – Russian State TV Excerpts – translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Nov. 30, 2023)
  • “When our Ukrainian, Malorussian friends are saying, ‘We are a separate nation’ — what nation? From where? … When they say, ‘We are a separate nation, we’re going to speak our language’ — It’s a dialect of Slavic languages! … I think that the existence of the Russian people should not be subjected to being split up into Ukrainian people and Belarussian people. It’s all the same people, speaking different dialects!”
Sergey Karnaukhov, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law, Moscow State University — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Dec. 1, 2023 – July 25, 2024)
  • “Finland is destined to become Ukraine in 50 years. Ukraine is worse than the terrorist organization ISIS. It’s much worse than al-Qaeda! It’s the worst terrorist formation, a growth on the body! There is nothing human there!” (Dec. 1, 2023, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
  • “Why are we so surprised by Ukraine’s behavior? Because there’s no such country, there’s no such nation. There is no history of Ukraine. It does not exist and it cannot exist  because there is no such entity… There is no historic predetermination, there is no culture, there is nothing!” (July 25, 2024, translated by media monitor Julia Davis)
Apti Alaudinov, Military Commander of Russia’s Akhmat Special Forces — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Dec. 9, 2023)
  • “For Russia, this is a holy war, and nothing else. It is holy, because we didn’t want to take from Ukraine some piece of land, some mountain or some mine. It’s not important what they have or don’t have. What’s most important is what is behind it. Over there, we’re defending the interests of our people in terms of spirituality, morality, divine values, universal human values. There, we became a buffer from Satanism that was moving closer and closer to our borders. Basically, it completely surrounded Russia. This Satanism was going to destroy our country, to consume it and break it up into small parts. This war will be the starting point… First, we have to be cleansed. Only after Russia purges itself of this filth that permeates our society, which it infiltrated, when all of us in unison come to God, maybe not all of us, more work is needed in that regard — only after that will we see the results of our actions.” 
Elena Panina, Former State Duma member — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Dec. 14, 2023)
  • “We need to secure Ukraine! … Many are asking, ‘What does a victory mean? Let’s define what victory means.’ Go to the frontlines and you will understand! They understand it on the frontlines! Our deep people understand it on the homefront! Victory means the destruction of a Nazi nation Ukraine!”
Putin — “Results of the Year” Live News Conference (Dec. 14, 2023)
  • “When the head of today’s Kiev Administration in front of the whole world gives a standing ovation to a former SS soldier who directly participated in the Holocaust, in the extermination of 1.5 million Jews in Ukraine, Russians and Poles. Is this not a manifestation of Nazism? Therefore, the issue of denazification is relevant.” 
  • “The problem is, as I have always said and as I am saying today, that despite the current tragic developments, Russians and Ukrainians are essentially one people. What is happening now is an immense tragedy; it is like a civil war between brothers who stand on different sides [of the conflict]. But overall, they are not, to a large extent, responsible for this… The southeastern part of Ukraine has always been pro-Russian because it is historically a Russian territory. I see a colleague holding up a sign saying “Turkiye.” He knows, and people in Turkiye know that the entire Black Sea region was incorporated into Russia as the result of Russo-Turkish wars. What does Ukraine have to do with that? Neither Crimea nor the Black Sea region has any connection to Ukraine. Odessa is a Russian city. We know this. Everyone knows this. But they [Ukrainians] have concocted some historical nonsense… My point is that they have lost their sovereignty to a large extent, as we can see now, and they are making many decisions to their own detriment. To their own detriment! But they do it, nonetheless.”
Skachko — Not-Wag vs. Winner. How the partition of Ukraine is being prepared— Ukraina.ru (Dec. 20, 2023)
  • “Ukraine without Russia is the same state as its president from Zelensky: the term exists, but it is not filled with meaning.”
  • “Everything that Ukraine received from Russia should be returned to it, Russia! At a minimum, the entire South-East of Ukraine is now a territory inhabited by Russian, Russian-speaking and Russian-speaking populations, declared “non-existent” by Zelensky’s neo-Nazis.”
Lavrov – Interview with Russian State News Agencies RIA Novosti and Rossiya 24 TV (Dec. 28, 2023)
  • “Everyone assumed, as they swore in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, as they swore in December 1991 in Almaty, that we are brothers forever, there are no artificial obstacles for us to live and communicate in the same language. Yes, this happened in different states, but in the same civilizational, historical space. All this happened. The process of destroying this ideology of brotherhood and unity began in Ukraine.”
Russian State TV Host Armen Gasparyan – Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Dec. 29, 2023)
  • [Addressing Ukrainians] “When things [missiles] are flying and landing on you, you’ll be yelling ‘Mama’ in your native language. You won’t recall the rules of the [Ukrainian] language. I’m amazed by something else. Why are all of you screaming in Russian on Telegram? Aren’t you, lice, subject to official language laws? You walk around in embroidered shirts, with a trident, hollering [the Ukrainian national anthem] like crazy, but as soon as something happens, you speak the Russian language without any accent.”
  • “At first, you [Ukrainians] were pitied. Then, you were looked at with disbelief. Then, with half-disdain. Then, with total disdain. Now, you’re not considered at all, as a matter of principle, because your humanity is gone… Nowadays, you are not people.”
Olesya Loseva, pro-Kremlin presenter — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Francis Scarr (Jan. 9, 2024)
  • “Nevertheless, nobody is rushing to give an urgent euthanasia injection to the terminally ill patient called Ukraine. On the contrary, they’re attempting to keep that body alive as much as possible in order to harm the Russian Federation as much as possible.”
Ishchenko — Population of New Russian Regions — DISCRED.RU (Jan. 13, 2024)
  • Returning to the question of whom they [Ukrainians] are: today they are no one. They were Russians, they decided to become Ukrainians. …To make them again Russians is the only way to avoid problems for the next 100 years. What will be done with a session of collective psychotherapy, only it will be carried out simultaneously on thousands of square kilometers with two tens of millions of people and will take a decade and a half to two times (and then two times longer control).
Pyotr Tolstoy, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Jan. 16, 2024)
  • The fact is that Ukraine that was turned into anti-Russia will never exist again, that’s for sure.”
  • There is no way to negotiate with these people. They will devour everyone until we cleanse them out of the territory of the former Soviet Ukraine, and until people living in Ukraine come back home to Russia.”
  • “Let me remind you that during the last 300 years, Ukraine wasn’t an independent nation. All of Ukraine’s independence is just a legend that was made up by the Bolsheviks and by Ukrainian nationalists.”
Oleg Yasinsky, journalist of Russian state-owned, pro-Putin media outlet — Lenin and Ukraine — via Ukraina.ru (Jan. 21, 2024)
  • “Since any rational analysis easily shows that without Lenin and socialism, the development of Ukraine did not occur, for its current destruction it is necessary to completely eliminate the memory of that time and its names.”
Lavrov  – Speech at the Meeting of the UN Security Council on Ukraine (Jan. 22, 2024)
  • Most Ukrainians are beginning to understand who their true enemy and who for many years bleached their heads, frightening Russia, planting lies about our country and canceling our common history.”
Alexey Bobrovsky, Russian State TV Host — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Jan. 23, 2024)
  • “This is the way Russian history works. If the Russians were ever present somewhere, if some place was ever part of Russia, sooner or later, Russia returns to these territories. This is the way it is throughout our entire history! As for all this fiction about historical Ukrainian lands, many historians trashed it on many occasions… Don’t forget history, remember it and treat it accordingly with respect, but not this fiction that currently exists in Ukraine.”
Putin — Interview with Tucker Carlson — Kremlin website (Feb. 9, 2024)
  • “So Romania and Hungary had some of their lands taken away and given to the Ukraine and they still remain part of Ukraine. So in this sense, we have every reason to affirm that Ukraine is an artificial state that was shaped at Stalin’s will.”
  • “I say that Ukrainians are part of the one Russian people. They say, ‘No, we are a separate people.’ Okay, fine. If they consider themselves a separate people, they have the right to do so, but not on the basis of Nazism, the Nazi ideology.”
Medvedev — Interview with Russian State News Agency TASS (Feb. 22, 2024)
  • “Where should we stop? I don’t know, but I think with what I’ve said, we’re going to have a lot of work to do. Will it be Kyiv? Probably, yes. It has to be Kyiv. If not now, then after some time. Just two reasons. The first is that Kyiv is a Russian city. Second, it is a threat to the existence of the Russian federation… Odesa, come home. We’ve been waiting for Odesa in the Russian Federation. Even considering the history of that city, what kind of people live there, what language they speak. This is our Russian city!”
Medvedev — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Francis Scarr (Mar. 4, 2024)
  • One of Ukraine’s former leaders once said that Ukraine isn’t Russia. That concept must disappear for good. Ukraine is undoubtedly Russia!”
Ishchenko — Article “Without faith, no purpose, no hope. Protest against the Pope of Rome unmasks the true character of Ukrainians” — via Russian state-owned news site Ukraina.ru (March 12, 2024)
  • “They [Ukrainians] already realized that their experiment failed – the country will not survive under any circumstances, Ukraine will not survive: it has traveled around Europe and blew down at the front, the remains will die in the next half century. But, dead, they dream that, after achieving them, Russia will blow up and die, poisoned by a non-brotherly corpse poison. And if he [Ukraine] doesn’t die, it’ll get a little sick.”
  • Therefore, everyone who can, it is necessary to return to Russianness. There will be nothing possible of the Ukrainians.”
Skachko — Article “The mystery of the sanitary zone: elections in Russia – the death of neo-Nazis in Ukraine” — via Russian state-owned news site Ukraina.ru (March 18, 2024)
  • “And for Russia, for which the creation of sanitary zones and security buffers on its southwestern borders is a matter of the near future and ensuring its state security. That is, we are talking about the fulfillment of the tasks and the achievement of the goals of the SVO, which was set for this. That’s it! The circle is closed: Russia’s security is needed, and it is impossible to achieve it without the collapse of Ukraine. It is necessary to ensure its security at the expense of Ukraine. This is the logic of every war, including this war: the rules of the future of the common life are dictated by the victors.”
  • “There will be no Zelensky, and there will be a sanitary zone. And instead of a part of Ukraine or in its composition, but under someone else’s (they are a question of peace agreements) control – this is not so important. The one that Ukraine, which after the 2014 coup turned into an “anti-Russia” and provoked a war, will never be.”
Ishchenko — Article “How Ukrainian was born. The Forgotten Anniversary of Political Mistake” — via Russian state-owned news site Ukraina.ru (March 24, 2024)
  • “The meaning in the study of the problem of the birth of Ukrainian separatism, the study of its deepest and most unobvious roots, is only in one case – if the knowledge used we use for a final solution to this problem, the eradication of Ukraine, as a project, hostile to Russianity, forever. ​​The first steps in this direction are already being taken. The new territories are part of Russia as Russian regions, without any special privileges and powers. The main thing is not to get off this path, or because we still have a fairly influential pro-Ukrainian lobby, which considers and proves that at least some Ukraine, at least in some territories should be preserved.
  • There can be no Ukraine. Even in Galicia, where another, non-Russian nation was formed in more than six hundred years of separate existence. Let there be Galicians, Poles, Romanians, Hungarians, anyone, but not Ukrainians. Ukrainians – an alternative to the Russian version of the development of the Russian nation, so far, Ukrainianism is fighting with Russianism for “Polish free parties,” for the “European choice.” It will never rest, without eradicating Russianity (as an alternative and more successful version of national-state development), which means that in the interests of our security [Ukraine] must be completely eradicated.”
Vladislav Shurygin, Russian military expert — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (March 27, 2024)
  • “I asked myself, why do we treat animals that are shelling our cities as though we consider them to be normal people? … Give them two warnings, as it was done in the past, warn them twice, but then hit them the third time. Then the place of this brigade’s permanent deployment will face total destruction, where their wives, their kids, mothers and fathers live. Where the entire pack lives… You can’t treat them in any other way. These are animals. They aren’t capable of understanding anything human.”
Andry Lugovoy, State Duma member — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (March 28, 2024) 
  • “The Ukrainian population is bipolar in its head. We have to put them in their place. I think that Kharkiv should be deprived of electricity to the point that it becomes totally unlivable. Let those 800 thousand people that are left there get in their cars, walk with their sacks or ride in wagons, heading West. And do the same to other cities, including Kyiv… Purely symbolically, we should level the Presidential Palace, since it’s clear who is at the head of this gang. Many may say, they are in the bunkers, nothing will happen to them, but it would be symbolic.”
Dugin — Ukraine is No More — DISCRED.RU (April 1, 2024)
  • Today, what was Ukraine yesterday, whether someone liked it or not, is no longer Ukraine. It is a piece of territory and an array of population, captured in any way and in no way legal and not [a] legitimate group of people.”
Konstantin Kevorkian, Russian journalist — A Fair Military Operation or Return of the Stolen — Ukraina.ru (May 1, 2024)
  • “Today’s Ukraine has been turned into a huge concentration camp. A just military operation is the return of stolen freedom and scolded human dignity. It, as a surgical operation in the case of an advanced disease, is severe, bleeding, requires a huge strain of strength. But if a malignant tumor is not cut out, then the metastases will harm the whole body.”
Zakharova — Briefing in St. Petersburg — Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 23, 2024)
  • “Today, the Ukrainian heritage associated with the Kiev regime has been overcome, and Crimea has turned into a prosperous Russian region, a territory of national harmony, where people of all nationalities have equal rights and opportunities, live in peace and understanding.”
Ishchenko — Post-Ukraine: contours of denazification — Ukraina.ru (May 29, 2024)
  • The choice is not made by us, but we have to consider it. If there is one thing to remain, we must make every effort to ensure that it is not Ukraine. Ukrainian Russophobic Nazism and Ukrainianism as such, constantly give rise to each other and can no other way.”
Ishchenko — The Dead Army of Zelensky goes into battle — Ukraina.ru (May 30, 2024)
  • “We have long stated that we are going to leave the scorched [Ukrainian] land. But these will not just be villages dismantled brick by brick, into which the Russian army is now entering after months of fighting. In the near future, we are threatened to see half-dead cities (former million-plus cities or regional centers with populations of 300,000 to 900,000), with destroyed infrastructure, the lack of elementary conditions for the life of the remaining population, hundreds of thousands of unrecovered corpses rotting in the surrounding fields, forest plantings and rural basements, and rodents also fatten on these corpses and move freely between them and the cities.”
Sergei Karaganov, political scientist & dean of the Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs at Moscow’s Higher School of Economics — Plenary Session of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum — Kremlin (June 7, 2024)
  • “The Kiev regime is morally, politically, and even legally illegitimate, even from the perspective of the failed state that exists there. How can we possibly hold any talks with them without first defeating them, achieving their complete surrender and holding a nuclear gun, so to speak, over our Western opponents, so that they do not resist any further? In fact, right now, no agreements will be implemented until they are defeated. They are illegitimate and unreliable partners.”
Zakharova — Briefing in St. Petersburg — Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (June 19, 2024)
  • The price they expect from the citizens of Ukraine, from Ukrainian society, the people (I can’t say the state, because I can’t say. There is nothing left of Ukrainian statehood) – inflicting Russia’s “strategic defeat” by his hands with colossal Western money.”
Ishchenko — When it’s over: graves and monumental propaganda — Ukraina.ru (June 20, 2024)
  • The Ukrainians, although they proclaimed their nation the oldest (which existed at least 100,000 years), can not find any material evidence of its existence beyond the last century. Therefore, in order to raise new generations in the Ukrainian cultural environment (if, of course, it can be called culture), Ukrainian nationalists needed to destroy everything that was too vividly testified to the Russian history of the region.
  • “As I wrote above, I don’t know what to do with the natural way, with our help, multiplying Ukrainian monumental and grave propaganda, but something needs to be done about it. Otherwise, and in decades, some inquisitive child will begin to wonder what Ukraine was in the fight for which so many people died. I am not sure that quite truthful explanations about collective zombification, about the reworking of local Russians into Ukrainians who hate Russianness with the help of American propaganda, for the child of the end of this century, for which freedom will be as distant as for us the Russo-Japanese war, will be more convincing than rows of graves and memories of grandfathers and great-grandfathers against their background.”
Putin — Answers to questions from Russian journalists — Kremlin (June 20, 2024)
  • “Six months ago, I made it clear that if they continued to target Russian communities in the [Kharkiv] border region, we would have to create a security area, a sanitary zone, on Ukrainian territory. They continued the shelling, and we did what we said we would.”
Ishchenko — Undiscovered disaster. Why the neo-Banderas are going to kill the Russians again and again — Ukraina.ru (June 28, 2024)
  • “There is nothing you can do to even have a chance to return the [Ukrainian] collective average person to a normal state; it is necessary to kill hundreds of thousands of individual people. If you leave everything as it is, then a hostile collective man in the street will continue to try to kill us.”
Ishchenko — Ukrainian Patriots in the Process of Awareness of the Obvious — Discred.ru (June 29, 2024)
  • “Therefore, from my point of view, although the collapse of Ukraine is natural, and its complete takeover is a burden, Russia should still strive for a complete absorption of the former territories of the Ukrainian SSR, not even because they are native Russian: the Polish – now Polish Bialystok – is also an ancient Russian city, and our Kaliningrad was built by the Germans. Just the complete absorption of Ukraine is the only guarantee of the eradication of Ukraine (with the right approach to solving the problem), and therefore ensuring the long-term security of Russia.”
Zakharova — Briefing in St. Petersburg — Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (June 26, 2024)
  • “All this once again confirms that the regime of V.A. Zelensky and its Western curators are indifferent to the fate of Ukraine and its residents. They are not disturbed by the suffering of their citizens, on whose shoulders fall the hardships of such an escalation. Destroyed Ukrainian statehood, destroyed economy, industry, production throughout the territory formerly called Ukraine.”
  • Today’s Ukraine has long become a toxic state rotten from within, which infects other countries with its corruption plague. This should be discussed on specialized profile platforms. The mutual cooperation with the Kiev regime (this should be understood, including the countries of the world’s majority) will only cause harm, because no one will ever calculate how many machinations were committed by Bankova [the office of the Ukrainian president]. With their promises, they have a hand in enriching criminal cartels and arms merchants around the world. And now they feel like the world’s rulers in this regard.”
Zakharova — Comment on the Kiev regime’s attempts to accuse Russia of deliberate attacks on Ukrainian civil facilities — Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (July 8, 2024)
  • “Attempts by the Zelensky regime to use the tragedy with the children’s hospital in Kiev for propaganda purposes once again confirms its inhuman Nazi essence. For the sake of maintaining power, the Kiev regime is ready for any crimes. He is indifferent to the fate and life of his fellow citizens, including children.”
Skachko — The Cage of the Brain. On neo-Nazi soil in Ukraine, completely banned Russia — Ukraina.ru (July 18, 2024)
  • “But what to do with these [Ukrainian] patriots, it seems, no one knows. Veterinarians, however, claim that there are no methods of treatment of rabies-stricken animals, and therefore the branded four-legged are simply exterminated. As, in principle, the fascists and Nazis in 1945. And it’s only a pity that then some individuals left the “medication” and bred…”
Alexander Kazakov, State Duma member – Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Aug. 1, 2024)
  • “This question [of “where are the Ukrainians?”] will no longer exist in two years. We will win in the special military operation. We’ll have our own May 9th [Victory Day]. The way all Germans turned into anti-fascists, after our victory, all Ukrainians will turn into Russians and Malorussians. That’s it, in two years, this issue will not exist.”
Zakharova — Comment on the situation around Ukraine — Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (August 7, 2024)
  • “It is not surprising that today the new symbols of the Ukrainian state are covered with rust, while the authorities steal the country and sell it to the West… The facts listed once again confirm the relevance of the tasks of a special military operation on the denazification and demilitarization of Ukraine and the elimination of threats emanating from its territory. All of them will be fulfilled.”
Victoria Nikiforova, Russian propagandist and columnist at RIA Novosti — No Negotiations. Ukraine Simply Should Not Be — Discred.ru (August 14, 2024)
  • There should be no “Ukraine” — all this space should be denazified, cleared and neutralized. Whatever efforts and sacrifices we need, we are ready for them.”
  • “And all this huge, multi-millions of people, all this vast [Ukrainian] country – what can you do to it on a scale of decades? We’re not going anywhere. We will kill the Nazis until we cleanse all our land.”
Dmitry Drobnitsky, Russian political scientist — Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Aug. 14, 2024)
  • “Realistically, these [Ukrainians] are just Russian people. Seriously. They were simply convinced that it’s bad to be Russian. This is what political Ukrainianism is all about. They convinced them that it’s bad to be a Russian, that it’s shameful and backward. They turned them into that, but their spirit remained the same.”
Patriarch and Russian Orthodox Bishop Kirill of Moscow – Interview with Andrey Kondrashov, Director General of the Russian State News Agency TASS — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (Jan. 7, 2025)
  • “The fact that despite our ties, they’ve succeeded at inciting this hatred, and to bring things to the point of an armed conflict shows that major forces were devoted to stupefying the Ukrainian people. But I believe that this intoxication is a short-term phenomenon, akin to anesthesia. A person wakes from a drug-induced sleep and starts to return to reality, which includes questioning visions he might have experienced under a drug-induced sleep. The same thing will happen. People will understand that this is an illusion, and in reality, this is a special operation by external forces directed at separating one people.”
Rogozin – Interview with Gazeta.ru Correspondent Alexey Klimenkov – Gazeta.ru (Jan. 14, 2025)
  • Denazification is, first of all, the destruction of those who instill this misanthropic, Russophobic spirit, which has turned a fraternal republic with a huge number of mixed families into our fierce enemy.”
Ishchenko – Post-Ukraine and Russian reflection – Ukraina.ru (Feb. 28, 2025)
  • Ukraine cannot exist independently, and it is extremely difficult to legalize its liquidation, but it is necessary, otherwise we will constantly be dealing with a zombie state – not dead, not alive, senselessly devouring resources and poisoning everything around it.”
Ishchenko – The Ideology Trap – Ukraina.ru (March 31, 2025)
  • There are still some Ukrainians left. They are even occasionally encountered in Ukraine, although in general this species of mammals is now disappearing in the area of ​​its origin.”
Ishchenko – Ukrogenesis and ukricide – Ukraina.ru (April 24, 2025)
  • “Some well-intentioned Russian patriots say that since it so happened that the Ukrainian nation has been formed, or at least the process of ethnogenesis has been launched, then nothing can be done, we must come to terms with it, live side by side and try our best to be friends at home. But the point is that no Ukrainian nation has been formed. Moreover, its formation is completely absent from the plans of the ‘great Ukrs’ themselves, just as it was absent from the plans of the Polabian and Pomor Slavs a thousand years ago.”
  • “A nation must also have its own national territory and economy, without which it is impossible to create a national state. And their territory is foreign: Lviv is a Polish city (at least for now the Poles have a chance), and Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa, Kherson, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye are Russian. There is no economy at all – what they inherited they themselves stole into corners, and what they could not carry and sell – they ruined. They also successfully destroyed the state they inherited, and did not create. Where will this ‘nation’ live, what will it eat and drink?”
  • “If they are a nation, then the place where they were born and live is their national territory, the protection of which is their sacred duty, but if they are not a nation, then they are traitors – fugitives through Ukrainianism from the Russian nation to European benefits and have no rights to our Russian national territory. This must also be taken into account. We will have to fight the consequences of Ukrophrenia, eradicating them, for many decades to come – the better we prepare the ground in advance, the better and easier it will be for us.”
Alexander Sladkov, military journalist – About enemies and patriots after SVO – Discred.ru (April 29, 2025)
  • “If we finish with Ukraine halfway, without demilitarization, denationalization, then we will doom ourselves to a new war, with the same Ukraine. The West will prepare Ukraine for it.”
Ishchenko – War knows no age. Ukraine as Zelensky’s giant juicer – Ukraina.ru (April 30, 2025)
  • “The birth rate in the country has fallen below one hundred thousand a year. About fifty years ago, at its peak, it reached a million a year. The people are dying out and scattering. The debate about whether the Ukrainian nation really exists or has not yet formed has lost its relevance, since even if it does exist, it will not exist anyway – it will die out.”
Skachko –Trump pressed Zelensky to make a deal. How the disappearing country was sold off on the cheap – Ukraina.ru (May 1, 2025) 
  • No, Ukraine is still listed on the map de jure and in space de facto. But in essence it does not exist, because neither the state nor its people own anything in this place. NOTHING!”
UPDATED Sergey Mironov, State Duma Leader of A Just Russia Party and former Chairman of the Federation Council – Telegram posts by Mironov – Telegram (May 3 – September 17, 2025)
  • “I emphasize: without the liquidation of the Nazi regime, the goals of the SVO will not be achieved. Our fathers and grandfathers understood this well, that’s why they went to Berlin. We should do the same.” (May 3, 2025)
  • Kiev’s actions once again show that without the liquidation of the Bandera regime, the goals of the SVO will not be achieved. The fish rots from the head, and we must rid the brotherly people of Ukraine of this Nazi rot. It is impossible and wrong to appease evil, it must be fought – this is what the Russian army is doing today.” (May 8, 2025)
  • “It is important to understand that this fight is not over yet, but it must definitely end in our victory. The denazification of Ukraine, the need for which our President spoke, must be completed – at the negotiating table or on the battlefield. Otherwise, the cancer of Nazism will again spread throughout the world.” (May 21, 2025) 
  • “Russia does not use history to “legitimize violence.” Russia is trying to stop the violence that the Nazi regime in Kiev has been committing since 2014. We have not forgotten and will remind you who burned people in Odessa and bombed them in Donbass! You say that there is no fascism in Ukraine? So you have forgotten what fascism is. And a people who do not know their past, as we know, have no future.” (June 11, 2025)
  • We and the Ukrainians are one people, and all of Ukraine is ours, and they are trying to take it away from us. Who? The West, which first staged a coup d’etat in Ukraine, brought Nazi Bandera supporters to power and unleashed a war to destroy Russians in Donbass. In this sense, the special military operation is becoming a domestic liberation war. Stop being ashamed of your history, faith and national interests! We have no right to concede any of this, much less an inch of our land. Crimea, Donbass, Kherson region and Zaporozhye are Russian because the people clearly said that they want to be part of Russia. I have no doubt that the residents of Kharkov, Sumy, Odessa, Nikolaev, Dnepropetrovsk and most regions of the so-called Ukraine, who are suffering today from Bandera’s power, think the same way. How are they worse? And the ancient cities of Kievan Rus – Kiev and Chernigov, aren’t they Russian in population, history and spirit? All of Ukraine is ours – it’s all the Russian world! Except for the cut-off slice – Western Ukraine. If they want to worship their Ukrainianness – let them worship it. But there shouldn’t be any Nazis there. If we have to, we’ll reach Lvov, like we reached Berlin in 1945!” (June 20, 2025)
  • “The main guarantee of security for Ukraine is the liquidation of the Zelensky regime. As long as he is in power, there will be no security there. He said this on Channel One. Zelensky is a traitor to his country and his people. Of course, Ukrainians have been brainwashed, but sooner or later they will understand this.” (August 21, 2025) 
  • “Ukraine’s fight against the Russian language has led to the Russification of even Lviv, the stronghold of Bandera. A local deputy from one of the Nazi parties was outraged by this. As the saying goes, forbidden fruit is sweet. Especially if this “fruit” is the native language of most Ukrainians. And that language is Russian, not Ukrainian. False notions about what language Ukraine speaks will ultimately lose out to reality. And no matter how much Bandera supporters scream about the “nightingale language” being the only one, the Russian language will not only survive, but will also regain its rightful place in Ukrainian life. ” (September 17, 2025)
NEW Ishchenko — “Ukraine as an anti-system” — Ukraina.ru (May 31, 2025)
  • We often say that Ukraine was created as anti-Russia. This is true. But this is not the whole truth. Ukraine is anti-Russia – a special case. Ukraine is an anti-system in principle.” 
NEW Zakhar Vinogradov, Editor-in-Chief of Ukraina.ru — “Zelensky’s Ukrainian regime has confirmed that it cannot be negotiated with, it can only be destroyed” — Ukraina.ru (June 1, 2025)
  • “It seems to me that Russia has no other choice but to continue the war until the Nazi militaristic state of Ukraine is completely destroyed. Because they will still act in accordance with their Nazi logic of war.”
  • “This is another reason why Ukraine must be liquidated completely, once and for all. The modest charm of total corruption is already too great, and if this anti-system, as it does now, also has its own state, it will become tenfold stronger. And again, as now, in order to defeat the vices that the Ukrainian anti-system cherishes, it will be necessary to first win on the battlefield and finally liquidate Ukraine. Only this will be much more difficult to do. Because the longer Ukraine exists, the more infected there will be around it.” 
NEW Putin — Remarks at St. Petersburg International Economic Forum — via Russian news network REN TV (June 20, 2025)
  • I have already said many times that I consider the Russian and Ukrainian people to be one people in reality, and in this sense all of Ukraine is ours. But we proceed from the realities that are developing.”
NEW Vladimir Medinsky, Presidential Aide — Meeting with editors of history textbooks — Kremlin website (June 22, 2025)
  • “The actual 17th-century event referenced was the agreement, in which Zaporozhye Cossacks, led by Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky, voluntarily aligned their territories with the Moscow Tsardom under a protectorate, retaining limited autonomy. That involved Cossack lands, not Ukraine as a state. What kind of “reunification” are we talking about? No Ukrainian statehood existed to “reunite” with Russia. In this new edition, we included all the correct historical assessments while clearing it of excess ideology, which gave students a false idea of what really happened. In addition, we emphasize the continuity of our history.”
NEW Ishchenko — “Ukraine has known since 1991 that Russia would take from it what does not belong to it” — Ukraina.ru via Discred.ru (June 30, 2025)
  • “That’s how [Ukrainian] brains work. Or rather, they don’t have brains. They only have nerve centers that make them talk and twitch occasionally. How else can one explain the behavior of someone who first says, “Russia stole our Russian name and language. Ukraine is the true Rus’,” and then goes on to say, “I’m Ukrainian, but I don’t speak Ukrainian because my ancestors were forcibly Russified”? This is their fundamental historical concept. And the longer Ukraine closes itself off from the world, the more this nonsense will penetrate the minds of the younger generation.”
NEW Ishchenko — “On the capitulation of Ukraine” — Ukraina.ru (July 18, 2025)
  • “The West’s agreement to negotiate under the conditions of the destruction of Ukrainian statehood will mean its actual recognition of the new geopolitical reality, which is what we actually need to begin with. Recognizing the actual state of affairs, the West will eventually have to agree to its legal registration, but will begin to bargain shamelessly for bonuses for itself. So, even in the event of capitulation, the liquidation of Ukraine cannot be avoided.”
NEW Roman Golovanov, TV show host – Russian State TV Excerpts — translated by media monitor Julia Davis (July 19, 2025)
  • “[A Ukrainian speaker at a conference] says that Odesa is supposedly a Ukrainian city. What is this? If he is a real historian, of course he knows that everything he says is a total lie. But if he is insane, then he believes in all of this. In addition to all the measures we are undertaking, we will have to conduct serious psychiatric treatment of many persons over there. To a certain extent, this will be forced psychiatric treatment of many people. It will be a medical campaign on a mass scale.” 
NEW Skachko — “Unconsciousness in the Law. The Castration of the Dumbstruck in Ukraine as an Example for Europe” — Ukraina.ru (July 21, 2025)
  • “And the Ukrainian paradox today is that, firstly, the neo-Nazis and their curators have not succeeded in winning on the battlefield and most likely will not succeed and may end in the total liquidation of the official Ukrainian statehood, which has already been effectively deprived of sovereignty. But in matters of ideological, moral and spiritual reformatting of the population, Ukraine has long since reached the bottom and is even scooping up the bottom silt, not stopping at any perversions and crimes.”
  • “According to the principle of the three ‘Ds’: demilitarization, denazification and democratization, which were applied to Nazi Germany after 1945. And there is the fourth “D” from Medvedev: deparasitization or disinsection. Fastidious, but necessary, because the number of parasites in Kyiv is already off the charts…” 
NEW Alexander Chalenko, journalist — “Why Russia Should Include All of Ukraine, Not Just Novorossiya? Five Arguments” — Ukraina.ru (Aug. 6, 2025)
  • “The experience of the 20th and early 21st centuries has shown that any ‘Ukrainian revival,’ any Ukrainization, does not lead to the emergence of a population loyal to Moscow, but to the cultivation of aggressive Ukrainian nationalism, which, when the center is weakened, immediately raises its head and leads first to the separation of the territory where Ukrainianism was nurtured, and then to the total destruction of everything Russian, as well as to wars. Therefore, in order to avoid all this negativity in the future, we need total Russification of the population. And there is nothing violent about it. For example, Kyiv is an absolutely Russian city in culture and language, on which the language and Ukrainianism were imposed. Russification of Kyiv in this case will only mean a rejection of state Ukrainization. Anyone who wants to privately study the language, let them do so, but there will be no more state forced support for all this. Moreover, there will be fewer and fewer people willing to study the language every year, since the population of these territories will begin to perceive and consider themselves Russian.”
  • “However, the relative prosperity for uncritical citizens of the rest of the territory of the former Ukraine, which became part of Russia, will be a serious temptation to maintain an anti-Russian attitude and a desire to return to Ukrainian power, under which they too will be able to fall into this “communism”. And so there are no more remnants of Ukraine – there is no unnecessary temptation.” 
NEW Mikhail Pavliv, political strategist — “Ukraine lives while it fights! It’s a revived Frankenstein” — Ukraina.ru (Aug. 25, 2025)
  • It is in this framework that we should look at Ukrainian statehood. Not as a ‘country at war with difficulties’, but as an organism that is already exhausted, already compressed by half, no longer reproducing itself. Dead in essence and galvanized like Frankenstein. The test for statehood here is simple: can Ukraine maintain its own social obligations and industrial contour without total and endless external care? The answer is no. And it is this “no” that sets the tone for the entire next ten-year trajectory – the trajectory of collapse. And, in a paradoxical but correct logic, this state that arose on the ruins of the Union in 1991 literally lives while it fights. The end of the war for Ukraine-Anti-Russia is a one-way ticket to a logical end in a fairly short time. I would say up to ten years. Or maybe even less.”
NEW Mikhail Pavliv — “Drugs and alcoholism are the demons of the Ukrainian chimera” — Ukraina.ru (Sept. 4, 2025)
  • “No country can survive when its youth is doomed to degradation. But the Ukrainian government deliberately turns a blind eye to this. It prefers to report to Western curators about ‘reforms’ instead of saving its own children. And this is a death sentence. This is a symbol of the fact that Ukraine as a state (obviously, a failed one) has already been destroyed from within. This means that no slogans about the “European choice” will change the fact: the chimera, the anti-system that devours its children, has no right to a future.”

The post Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection appeared first on Just Security.

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עוד מאותו הדבר – אבל גרוע יותר: התכנית “החדשה” של נתניהו בעזה https://www.justsecurity.org/118970/%d7%a2%d7%95%d7%93-%d7%9e%d7%90%d7%95%d7%aa%d7%95-%d7%94%d7%93%d7%91%d7%a8-%d7%90%d7%91%d7%9c-%d7%92%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%a2-%d7%99%d7%95%d7%aa%d7%a8-%d7%94%d7%aa%d7%9b%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%aa/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=%25d7%25a2%25d7%2595%25d7%2593-%25d7%259e%25d7%2590%25d7%2595%25d7%25aa%25d7%2595-%25d7%2594%25d7%2593%25d7%2591%25d7%25a8-%25d7%2590%25d7%2591%25d7%259c-%25d7%2592%25d7%25a8%25d7%2595%25d7%25a2-%25d7%2599%25d7%2595%25d7%25aa%25d7%25a8-%25d7%2594%25d7%25aa%25d7%259b%25d7%25a0%25d7%2599%25d7%25aa Wed, 13 Aug 2025 21:11:52 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=118970 התכנית נשענת על היגיון עקבי: להעמיק את השליטה הטריטוריאלית תוך הכחשת ההשלכות המשפטיות שהמשפט הבינלאומי מטיל על כיבוש.

The post עוד מאותו הדבר – אבל גרוע יותר: התכנית “החדשה” של נתניהו בעזה appeared first on Just Security.

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ב־8 באוגוסט אישר הקבינט תכנית להרחבת המלחמה בעזה. לפי הדיווחים, התכנית כוללת השגת “שליטה מבצעית” על העיר עזה, תוך “פינוי” אוכלוסייתה. לפי התקשורת הישראלית, הכוונה היא להשלים את כיתור העיר עד 7 באוקטובר 2025, לפנות מיליון איש ל”אזורים הומניטריים” חדשים, ולהקים 12 נקודות נוספות לחלוקת סיוע הומניטרי.

על פניו, מדובר בצעדים ראשוניים בתכנית שבסופה תשלוט ישראל בעזה כולה. כפי שציינו פרשנים בכירים, לא ברור עד כמה התכנית הזו רצינית או ישימה מבחינה צבאית. עם זאת, ב־10 באוגוסט נתניהו שב והדגיש את כוונתו לבצע את התכנית ואף הציג גרסה מורחבת שלה, באופן שיקשה עליו לסגת ממנה ללא לחץ משמעותי. וכפי שלימד אותנו הניסיון במלחמה הנוראית הזו עד כה, תרחישי האימים מתממשים שוב ושוב.

לפי הדיווחים, התכנית נתקלה בהתנגדות חריפה מצד הצבא עצמו. כפי שאמר מקור צבאי אחד לתקשורת –

“נגיע לשליטה מבצעית בעזה, ומה אחרי זה? זה אסון. זו דרך הפעולה הצבאית המועדפת על חמאס … זה מה שקרה בפלוג’ה ובמוסול – ייהרגו חיילים, ייהרגו אזרחים עזתים. זה ישחק לידי חמאס.”

משפחות החטופים המוחזקים מאז מתקפת חמאס ב־7 באוקטובר 2023 זועמות, שכן תכנית זו תוביל כמעט בוודאות למות יקיריהן, והן אף קוראות לשביתה כללית. אפילו בעלי הברית האירופיים הקרובים ביותר של ישראל נחרדו מהרעיון, שהוצג בדיוק בשעה שנדמה שהעולם כבר מאס לחלוטין בתמונות המזעזעות מעזה. גרמניה, לא פחות, הטילה אמברגו נשק חלקי על ישראל בתגובה להכרזת נתניהו על התכנית.

בסופו של דבר, התכנית אינה יכולה לעלות בקנה אחד עם החובות המוטלות על כוח כובש לפי המשפט הבינלאומי. כמו תכניות קודמות, היא מבקשת לנצל את פינוי אזרחים מאזורים נרחבים בעזה כהצדקה (חסרת תוקף משפטי) להימנעות מהספקת צורכיהם הבסיסיים, זכותם להגדרה עצמית, או שמירה על הסדר הציבורי.

כיבוש נקבע לפי עובדות בשטח – לא לפי סמנטיקה

בעוד שהתכנית נדונה בשיח הציבורי במונחים של “כיבוש עזה”, החלטת הקבינט אינה מזכירה את המונח “כיבוש” כלל. כפי שדווח ב-YNET:

“בהחלטת הקבינט לא נעשה שימוש במילה ‘כיבוש’, שהוחלפה בביטוי ‘השתלטות’ – מתוך סיבות משפטיות הנוגעות לאחריות לאוכלוסייה האזרחית. עם זאת, בכיר ישראלי הדגיש כי מדובר רק בהגדרה הרשמית, כשהכוונה למעשה היא לכיבוש עזה.”

נקודה זו הובילה להתנגשות בין נתניהו ליועצת המשפטית לממשלה (אותה ניסה לפטר כמה ימים קודם לכן, אך בית המשפט העליון הוציא צו מניעה בעניין). על פי N12,

“במהלך ישיבת הקבינט הלילית נערך עימות בין רה”מ ליועמ”שית. ‘אתם לא יכולים לעשות כיבוש בלי לקחת אחריות על השטח’, אמרה בהרב-מיארה. נתניהו השיב: ‘מאיפה הבאתם כיבוש? אנחנו רוצים להשתלט על השטח כמו שעשינו עד עכשיו בכל המקומות'”.

הכחשת היותה של התכנית כרוכה בכיבוש נראית חשובה במיוחד לנתניהו. ב־9 באוגוסט הוא צייץ באנגלית את הדברים הבאים:

“[w]e are not going to occupy Gaza – we are going to free Gaza from Hamas. Gaza will be demilitarized, and a peaceful civilian administration will be established.”

מבחינה משפטית, לטעון שניתן “להשתלט” על שטח – או להשיג עליו “שליטה מבצעית” – מבלי לכבוש אותו, זו טענה חסרת יסוד. תמוה גם לטעון כי יש כוונה לשינוי המשטר בשטח מבלי לכבוש אותו קודם. אחרת, כיצד תוכל הישות השולטת בשטח לאכוף שינוי זה?לפי הדין הבינלאומי המבוסס היטב, כיבוש נובע משליטה אפקטיבית על שטח או, במקרים מסוימים, משליטה על פונקציות ממשלתיות – ללא קשר לאופן שבו הכוח הכובש מכנה זאת. אין צורך בהצהרה רשמית ששטח הוא “כבוש”, ואף לא בהקמת ממשל צבאי רשמי.

העמדה הרווחת בקהילה המשפטית הבינלאומית היא שרצועת עזה כבר נתונה תחת כיבוש. בית המשפט הבינלאומי (ה-ICJ) חזר ואישר זאת לאחרונה. לנוכח חשיבותן של העמדות הסבורות שעזה כבר כבושה, ניתן לראות בנקודה זו עניין תאורטי – אם השטח כבר כבוש, מדוע חשוב שנתניהו מתכנן כעת “להשתלט” על חלקים ממנו? התשובה היא שהיקף החובות לפי דיני הכיבוש עולה ביחס לרמת השליטה שהכובש מפעיל. במילים אחרות, ניתן לטעון שגם שטח כבוש יכול להפוך ל“כבוש יותר” מבחינת עומק החובות המשפטיות. יש גם גורמים משפטיים ודיפלומטיים שנמנעו עד כה מלהגדיר את המצב הנוכחי ככיבוש, אך לא יהססו לעשות כן אם תתרחש השתלטות ישירה כזו.

תכלית תכנית נתניהו: כיבוש עמוק יותר – ללא חובות

העובדה שעזה כבר כבושה אינה העיקר כאן. חשוב בעיניי להתמקד בסיבה שנתניהו מתעקש לומר שהתכנית אינה כרוכה ב“כיבוש”, ובהקשר זה, להבין את הדינמיקה המבנית של המלחמה שהופכת את התכנית לבלתי־חוקית מיסודה. למעשה, כשנתניהו אומר “השתלטות” ללא “כיבוש”, כוונתו בפועל היא נטילת שליטה בשטח מבלי לשאת באחריות של כוח כובש. הדרך לעשות זאת – בפשטות – היא להבטיח שהשטח ייתפס ללא אזרחים: אלה יידחקו לשטח מצטמצם והולך, אשר ישראל תטען כי אינה שולטת עליו.

לפי המשפט הבינלאומי המינהגי, ברגע שצבא שולט בפועל על שטח, מוטלת עליו חובת היסוד של דיני הכיבוש – והיא “להחזיר ולהבטיח, ככל האפשר, את הסדר והביטחון הציבוריים, תוך כיבוד, אלא אם כן נמנע הדבר לחלוטין, של החוקים הקיימים במדינה.” במסגרת זאת, הכוח הכובש חייב לאזן בין רווחת האוכלוסייה המקומית וזכויות הפרט, ההגדרה העצמית של תושבי השטח, והאינטרסים הביטחוניים הלגיטימיים של כוחותיו (ראו כאן). נוכחות אזרחים בשטח או היעדרם – בין אם ברחו לפני כן ובין אם לא – אינה משנה לגבי קיומו של כיבוש במובנו המשפטי, או לחובות הכובש כלפיהם וכלפי רכושם.

מעבר לחובות כלליות אלו, קיימים איסורים נוקשים על ניצול משאבי השטח, הריסת רכוש ללא צורך צבאי מיידי, הקמת התנחלויות או סיפוח השטח. איסורים אלה מתנגשים ישירות עם הצהרות של שרים קיצוניים בממשלה, שקראו שוב ושוב לסיפוח השטח ולבניית התנחלויות בו (כוונות שראש הממשלה נתניהו מכחיש בשלב זה).

הזכות להגדרה העצמית גם אוסרת על שינוי משטר חד־צדדי. במובן זה, טענתו של נתניהו שהרשות הפלסטינית לא תשלוט בעזה היא כשלעצמה רעיון שסותר את הזכות הזו. הרשות הפלסטינית, יחד עם אש”ף, הן הישויות המוכרות בינלאומית כמייצגות את העם הפלסטיני (וכן מהוות את ממשלת מדינת פלסטין, עבור המדינות המכירות בה). באופן דומה, החזון של “שליטה ביטחונית כוללת” קבועה של ישראל בעזה נוגד את העיקרון הבסיסי של זמניות, שמאפיין כיבוש שיכול להיות חוקי. אולם, בהמשך הדברים ברצוני להדגיש נקודה יסודית יותר בתכנית נתניהו: מה משמעותה  של “ההשתלטות” עליה הוא מדבר, ומה היא תכלול בפועל.

שמירה על סדר ציבורי והבטחת זכויות בשטח כבוש, כפי שדורשים דיני הכיבוש במשפט הבינלאומי (וכן המשפט הבינלאומי לזכויות האדם), מחייבות משאבים רבים. הדבר מצריך נוכחות ניכרת של כוחות בשטח לאכיפת הסדר הציבורי ולהבטחת רווחת האוכלוסייה האזרחית באופן מקיף – כולל גישה למזון ולציוד רפואי – או לכל הפחות שיתוף פעולה עם רשויות מקומיות לשם כך. לנתניהו אין לא זה ולא זה.

ראשית, ישראל אינה מוכנה להשקיע משאבים בשיקום ובהחזקת הסדר בעזה כלל. בנוסף, הצבא מצוי בפריסה רחבה מדי – פשוט אין לו את כוח האדם הדרוש ל”כיבוש” הרצועה וניהולה בצורה שתעמוד בדרישות המשפט ההומניטרי הבינלאומי. פרויקט כזה ידרוש ממשל צבאי עם קציני מטה, יחידות תומכות, כוחות משטרה, ומאמץ שיקום אדיר מהיום הראשון. זה יהיה מפעל עצום, במיוחד לנוכח ההרס הנרחב בשטח ומשבר הרעב המתמשך.

שנית, נראה שנתניהו גם אינו מוכן לשתף פעולה עם אף רשות מקומית אמינה בעזה, מה שהיה יכול להפחית את הצורך בכוחות צבאיים בשטח. אף שהוא רומז על רשויות אזרחיות עמומות שעתידות לכאורה לנהל את עזה, עד כה ישראל הסכימה לשתף פעולה באופן נקודתי רק עם כנופיות מקומיות. חוסר היכולת הזה אינו רק לוגיסטי – הוא מלווה גם בגישה משפטית מכוונת שנועדה להימנע מנטילת אחריות על השטח.

כיבוש של מקסימום שטח – עם מינימום אזרחים

התכנית “החדשה” היא, למעשה, המשך עצים ומורחב של מסלול המלחמה הנוכחי בעזה. קצין בכיר לשעבר אף אמר שמדובר ב-“עוד מאותו הדבר”. ללא הכוחות – או המוטיבציה – הנדרשים לשליטה ממשית ולשמירה על הסדר הציבורי, ובלי כל חזון פוליטי לגיטימי לשלטון עצמי פלסטיני, כאשר נתניהו אומר “השתלטות” על עזה, הכוונה למעשה היא הרחבת שיטת הפעולה ההרסנית שננקטה במלחמה עד כה לאזורים נוספים. התבנית כבר ברורה: תחילה מפנים את האזרחים (לכאורה לשם הגנתם, אך בפועל לא מאפשרים להם לשוב – ובמקרה הטוב, שיבתם הופכ לנושא למשא ומתן); לאחר מכן, צה”ל “מטהר” את השטח באמצעות הרס נרחב של תשתיות (שיטה שיושמה לאחרונה ברפיח ובבית חאנון). בין אם הכוחות בשטח פועלים כך ממניעים אידיאולוגיים או כחלק מגישה קיצונית של אפס סיכון – התוצאה היא אותה תוצאה: הרס כמעט מוחלט של תשתיות אזרחיות, ודחיסת האזרחים לרצועה מצטמצמת והולכת, ללא תנאי מחיה מינימליים.

בסופו של דבר, התכנית החדשה נראית כמו מיתוג מחדש של התכנית הקודמת, אשר ספגה ביקורת חריפה, לרכז את האוכלוסייה ב“עיר הומניטרית” בדרום הרצועה (מונח שהושמט מהחלטת הקבינט הנוכחית). כאשר נתניהו אומר “השתלטות”, נראה כי תכלית הפעולה כיבוש של מקסימום שטח עם מינימום אזרחים. הרעיון הוא, אם כן, שהיעדר האזרחים – מצב שנגרם על ידי הכובש עצמו – ישמש כטענה שאין מדובר בכיבוש כלל. מבחינה משפטית זו טענה חסרת יסוד – אך היא חלק משיח פוליטי רחב יותר של הכחשת כל אחריות לרווחת אזרחי עזה.

חשוב להדגיש, דרך פעולה זו אינה רק ניסיון להימנע מהחובות החיוביות הקפדניות שדיני הכיבוש מטילים. ראוי לשים לב שנתניהו לא התחייב ברצינות לאפשר לתושבים לשוב לבתיהם, כפי שהמשפט הבינלאומי מחייב. למעשה, הוא אף רמז להיפך הגמור. יש לקרוא את התכנית גם על רקע הכוונה המוצהרת “לעודד הגירה” מעזה, בהתאם ל“תכנית טראמפ” הלא -אפויה, ולמסגרת הסיוע הכושלת של “קרן הסיוע ההומניטרי לעזה” (GHF), שהתכנית החדשה מבקשת להרחיב. כאן בדיוק, “הכיבוש” החדש  יהפוך באופן קרוב לוודאי –  לכל הפחות – לפשע נגד האנושות של העברה וגירוש בכפייה.

התוצאה ההרסנית הנוספת שתיגרם לפלסטינים באזורי הפינוי, הצפופים יותר ויותר, צפויה לחלוטין – כפי שהמציאות בשטח מוכיחה שוב ושוב. דחיסת עוד אנשים לאזורים “הומניטריים” שבהם שוררים תנאים בלתי אנושיים תוביל כמעט בוודאות לעוד טענות, ולהרחבת המעגל הבינלאומי הסבור, כי מתקיים מעשה של “יצירת תנאי מחיה המכוונים להביא להרס הפיזי של הקבוצה”, שעשוי להוות אקט של רצח עם אם הוא מלווה בכוונה מיוחדת להשמיד קבוצה כולה או חלקה (ראו כאן דוגמה לטענה אחת כזו). אף שישראל מכחישה בתוקף טענות אלה, ניתן למצוא ראיות אפשריות לכוונה הזו בדבריהם של בכירים בממשלה, שכמעט אף פעם אינם נענים בגינוי מצד נתניהו עצמו, ועד כה לא ננקטו נגדם צעדים משמעותיים כלל.

מה שעולה בבירור מההכרזה על התוכנית הוא שאין כל דרך להפוך אותה לחוקית לפי המשפט ההומניטרי הבינלאומי, ולו רק בשל האופן המבני שבו נוהלה המלחמה הזו. לישראל תחת נתניהו אין את הרצון, הכוחות או המשאבים “לכבוש” שטח נרחב בעזה באופן חוקי, אפילו אם מתעלמים מן הכוונה הפסולה של הקיצונים בממשלה שאינם מתביישים כלל בחזונם לסיפוח רצועת עזה, גירוש תושביה וחידוש ההתנחלות בה.

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בלי קשר לישימותה הצבאית, התכנית נשענת על היגיון עקבי: להעמיק את השליטה הטריטוריאלית תוך הכחשת ההשלכות המשפטיות שהמשפט הבינלאומי מטיל על כיבוש. במובן זה, ייתכן שהתכנית נראית מאולתרת טקטית – אך היא עקבית אסטרטגית. בנסיבות הללו, הקריאות לעמוד בכללי המשפט ההומניטרי הבינלאומי נשמעות חלולות; הקריאה ההגיונית היחידה היא לסגת מיד מהתכנית הזו ולהביא לסיומו של האסון בעזה. סיום המלחמה, החזרת החטופים, ועבודה עם הרשות הפלסטינית ועם שחקנים בינלאומיים נוספים – זו התכנית היחידה שניתן להעלות על הדעת, שכן כל חלופה אחרת פירושה נפילה לתהום עמוקה יותר.

 

The post עוד מאותו הדבר – אבל גרוע יותר: התכנית “החדשה” של נתניהו בעזה appeared first on Just Security.

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لقد نفد الوقت: الجوع الجماعي في غزة والضرورة العالمية الملحّة https://www.justsecurity.org/118741/%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%86%d9%81%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d9%82%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ba%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b6/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=%25d9%2584%25d9%2582%25d8%25af-%25d9%2586%25d9%2581%25d8%25af-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2588%25d9%2582%25d8%25aa-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25ac%25d9%2588%25d8%25b9-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25ac%25d9%2585%25d8%25a7%25d8%25b9%25d9%258a-%25d9%2581%25d9%258a-%25d8%25ba%25d8%25b2%25d8%25a9-%25d9%2588%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b6 Fri, 08 Aug 2025 18:18:24 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=118741 تتدهور ظروف معيشة الفلسطينيين في غزة، وقد بدأ تحذير الأمس الصادر عن التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل لمراحل الأمن الغذائي (IPC) التابعة للأمم المتحدة بالعبارة التالية: “أسوأ سيناريو للمجاعة يتحقق حالياً في قطاع غزة”. وتشير جميع الأدلة إلى وجود واقع مروّع مفاده أن القطاع قد تجاوز نقطة اللاعودة، إلى مرحلة تتسارع فيها معدلات الوفيات بسبب المجاعة الجماعية […]

The post لقد نفد الوقت: الجوع الجماعي في غزة والضرورة العالمية الملحّة appeared first on Just Security.

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تتدهور ظروف معيشة الفلسطينيين في غزة، وقد بدأ تحذير الأمس الصادر عن التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل لمراحل الأمن الغذائي (IPC) التابعة للأمم المتحدة بالعبارة التالية: “أسوأ سيناريو للمجاعة يتحقق حالياً في قطاع غزة”. وتشير جميع الأدلة إلى وجود واقع مروّع مفاده أن القطاع قد تجاوز نقطة اللاعودة، إلى مرحلة تتسارع فيها معدلات الوفيات بسبب المجاعة الجماعية والدمار المجتمعي. ومن منطلق الواجب الأخلاقي والقانوني والإنساني، ينبغي على الدول التي تتمتع بأي نفوذ على الحكومة الإسرائيلية أن تستخدمه الآن لوضع حد لهذه الفظاعة. ولا يمكن تصوّر المزيد من التأخير، لقد نفد الوقت.الالتزام الأخلاقي واضح وجلي، وكذلك هو الحال بالنسبة للالتزام القانوني. وبموجب الواجبات لضمان احترام القانون الدولي الإنساني  (IHL)، والتصرف، إذا كان هناك الأقل، “خطر جدّي” يشير إلى أنه يتم أو سيتم ارتكاب إبادة جماعية (والتي سنوضح رؤيتنا بشأنها أدناه)، وبالنظر إلى خطورة الموقف وإلحاحه؛ فلا يمكن التغاضي عن استخدام أي إجراء قانوني في إطار الجهود الرامية إلى حثّ إسرائيل على السماح بإغراق غزة بالمساعدات الإنسانية، واستعادة الخدمات الأساسية، وتوفير الظروف اللازمة للتعافي المستدام وطويل الأمد للفلسطينيين في القطاع في سياق يتطلب توفير مساعدات إنسانية فورية، ولكنها لن تكون كافية للبقاء على قيد الحياة.

أعلن جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي  (IDF)في نهاية الأسبوع المنصرم عن عدد من السياسات المرتبطة بالمساعدات، منها:

  • الإسقاطات الجوية (التي تشكّل بحد ذاتها مجرّد إجراء شكلي يصرف الانتباه عن تقديم المساعدات بالحجم المطلوب)،
  • مناطق محدودة ستشهد هُدَن وممرات إنسانية (والتي يعترف القائمون عليها صراحة بأنها مناطق محدودة للغاية، ولا ترتقي إلى تلبية احتياجات الإغاثة الضرورية على المستوى المطلوب، بل أن تنفيذها سيؤدي إلى تركيز (حصر) الفلسطينيين في مساحة تشكل نسبة صغيرة غير قابلة للاستدامة من قطاع غزة،
  • إعادة إمدادات الكهرباء لأغراض تحلية المياه.

وحتى إذا نظرنا إلى الحالة الإنسانية الطارئة من منظور ضيق، فإن هذه الإجراءات تبقى غير كافية حتى لو افترضنا أنه سيتم تنفيذها بالكامل، كما لا ينبغي لها أن تشتت الانتباه عن الحاجة إلى اتخاذ إجراءاتٍ أكثرَ شمولاً. يشكّلُ إعلان إسرائيل عن هذه الإجراءات، مصحوباً بتنبيه مفاده أنه “لا توجد مجاعة في غزة”، في حد ذاته أمراً يثير الشكوك (أنظر هنا أيضاً). بل أن التقارير الواردة تشير إلى أن مجلس الوزراء الإسرائيلي ينظر بالفعل في تشديد الحصار على مدنٍ معينةٍ في قطاع غزة، ناهيك عن قطع الكهرباء عنه.

لقد ولّى زمن أنصاف الحلول

نقطة اللاعودة

لم تكن الأوضاع في غزة في أي وقت من الأوقات أسوأ مما هي عليه الآن. وقد أفاد تحذير التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل للأمن الغذائي (IPC) الصادر في 29 تموز أنه:

“تشير الأدلة المتزايدة إلى أن المجاعة واسعة الانتشار، وسوء التغذية، والأمراض تؤدي إلى ارتفاع عدد الوفيات المرتبطة بالجوع. كما تشير أحدث البيانات إلى أن عتبة المجاعة فيما يتعلق باستهلاك الغذاء في معظم أنحاء قطاع غزة قد تم تجاوزها، وهو ما ينطبق على سوء التغذية الحاد في مدينة غزة.”

ويأتي هذا التحذير في أعقاب مجموعة من التقارير المأساوية المتزايدة حول الأوضاع في غزة. في 23 تموز، أفادت صحيفة الجارديان بأن أكثر من 35٪ من جميع وفيات المجاعة المسجّلة منذ السابع من أكتوبر 2023 قد وقعت خلال الأيام الثلاثة الماضية فقط. وكان عدد الوفيات بسبب المجاعة قد بلغ حينها 111 شخصاً. وبعد أربعة أيام، أفادت منظمة الصحة العالمية أن 63 من أصل 74 حالة وفاة ناجمة عن سوء التغذية في عام 2025 قد وقعت في شهر تموز وحده (منها 25 طفلاً و38 بالغاً). وفي اليوم التالي، سُجلت 14 حالة وفاة مماثلة خلال 24 ساعة. وإذا أخذنا بعين الاعتبار الآثار المعتادة للحرمان واسع النطاق، فإن هذا يشير إلى عدداً أكبر من الوفيات الناجمة عن الأمراض المعدية، التي غدت أكثر شيوعاً وفتكاً بسبب سوء التغذية ورداءة الصرف الصحي.

ونظراً للظروف الراهنة، بما في ذلك التحديات المعتادة التي تفرضها النزاعات المسلحة على عملية جمع البيانات، فضلاً عن القيود الشديدة المفروضة على الوصول إلى قطاع غزة، فمن المرجّح جداً أن تكون الأرقام المسجلة للوفيات الناجمة عن الصدمات وغير الناجمة عنها أقل بكثير من العدد الفعلي. على أية حال، من الممكن ملاحظة مسار واضح ومروّع عبر مختلف المؤشرات.

في 23 تموز الجاري، أصدرت 115 منظمة إنسانية بياناً مشتركاً وصفت فيه بلوغ “معدلات قياسية” من سوء التغذية الحاد بين الأطفال، وانتشار “الإسهال المائي الحاد”، و”تساقط البالغين في الشوارع جرّاء الجوع والجفاف”. وقد وثّقت وكالة الأمم المتحدة المعنية بالأطفال (UNICEF) عدد الأطفال الذين تم إدخالهم إلى المستشفيات لتلقي الرعاية الطبية بسبب سوء التغذية في الأسبوعين الأولين من شهر تموز، وهو أعلى بكثير من عدد الأطفال الذين تم إدخالهم المستشفيات في شهر حزيران (الذي كان بدوره رقماً قياسياً). وقالت منظمة أطباء بلا حدود (MSF) أن عدد الأشخاص المسجلين لتلقي علاج سوء التغذية في عيادتها بمدينة غزة “تضاعف أربع مرات منذ 18 أيار، بينما تضاعفت معدلات سوء التغذية الحاد بين الأطفال دون سن الخامسة ثلاث مرات في الأسبوعين الماضيين فقط”. ويفيد برنامج الغذاء العالمي بأن “ما يقرب من ثلث الأسر لا تتناول وجبات الطعام لأيام متتالية“.

أجساد الأطفال “تتوقف عن العمل“. أبلغ ناجي القرشلي، طبيب أمراض النساء الولادة في غزة، صحيفة الغارديان أن حوالي “50٪ من مئات النساء الحوامل اللواتي يراهن كل يوم يعانين من سوء التغذية”، مع ارتفاع ملحوظ في حالات الإجهاض، وأن الأطفال يولدون “أقل من الوزن الطبيعي”، كما أنهم”يولدون بشكل متزايد قبل الأوان أو مع تشوهات خلقية“. كما أن نفاذ مخزونات الأغذية العلاجية الضرورية لعلاج المصابين بسوء التغذية الحاد، قد ترك الأطفال الرضع والأطفال الصغار الذين يعانون من سوء التغذية دون أي وسيلة للبقاء على قيد الحياة. كما أفادت الكوادر الطبية بأن نقص الأدوية ووسائل التعقيم يؤدي إلى تفاقم الظروف التي تهدد الحياة، والتي لا يمكنهم علاجها.

لم يستثنَ أحد. وصفت الـ115 منظمة التي أصدرت البيان في 23 تموز بأنها “تشهد زملاءها وشركاءها يذبلون أمام أعينهم”. ويُقال إن الأطباء يعانون من نوبات دوار أثناء قيامهم بجولاتهم الطبية. وقد وصف الصحفيون بالتفصيل تجاربهم في شرب المياه المالحة “فقط للبقاء واقفين”، وفي ومضغ “الأعشاب المجففة أو أوراق الأشجار البرية لإسكات الصراخ الداخلي” الناجم عن الجوع.

وتشير مشاهد الحشود اليائسة للحصول على الطعام، والتقارير عن أشخاص ينبشون القمامة بحثاً عن فتات، والقصص التي تروى عن السرقة والفوضى، إلى الانهيار الاجتماعي الذي يُعد من العلامات الدالة على المراحل الأخيرة للمجاعة. أما من يقاسون هذه المعاناة، فيتحدثون عن شعورهم بالخجل والإذلال ونزع الإنسانية عنهم.

يقوم الوجود الإنساني برمته على تقاسم الطعام. يعود أصل معنى كلمة “رفيق” في اللغة الإنجليزية إلى الشخص الذي يشاركك الخبز، وهو مؤشراً واحداً على عمق هذه الفكرة. فعندما لا يعود بإمكان الناس تقاسم الخبز، بل عوضاً عن ذلك يُجبرون على التقاتل من أجل فتاته، يتعرض المجتمع البشري لخلل عميق يطال قدرته على القيام بوظائفه. وهذا بالتحديد ما نشهده يتكشف في غزة اليوم.

أما التحذير الذي أصدره نظام التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل (IPC) يوم أمس، فلا يُعد إقراراً رسمياً ببلوغ المجاعة المرحلة الخامسة من التصنيف. ويعود السبب في ذلك إلى أنه لا يستند إلى بيانات جديدة، بل إلى توقعات مبنية على بيانات سابقة. يعدّ جمع البيانات في غزة أمراً بالغ الصعوبة بسبب القيود الشديدة المفروضة على الوصول إلى القطاع من جهة، وإلى الظروف الميدانية الخطيرة للغاية من جهة أخرى. كما يعدّ تحليل البيانات أمراً معقداً للغاية بسبب حجم الانهيار الاجتماعي الذي نشهده، إذ يتطلب حساب نسبة الأسر التي تعاني من انعدام الأمن الغذائي، أو نسبة الأطفال الذين يعانون من سوء التغذية، توفر أرقامأ أساسية مرجعية يصعب للغاية حسابها. وقد منعت إسرائيل الصحفيين والعاملين في المجال الإنساني من جمع المعلومات بطريقة ممنهجة. ولكننا، بالرغم من ذلك، يمكننا تشخيص المجاعة استناداً إلى أعراضها الظاهرة، حتى في ظل غياب البيانات على المستوى الذي عادة ما يعتمد عليه تقييم نظام التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل. لذلك، مع الأخذ بالاعتبار جميع العوامل ذات الصلة، فإن المجاعة موجودة في قطاع غزة.   بل إن مجرد شعور نظام IPC بالحاجة إلى إصدار هذا التحذير الصارخ، متجاوزاً بروتوكولاته المعتادة في جمع البيانات وتحليلها، يشير إلى دق ناقوس الخطر الذي أطلقه خبراء الأمن الغذائي.

الالتزامات القانونية الدولية

في مواجهة هذا الواقع، لا ينبغي للقادة أن يطلبوا مشورة قانونية ليروا الحاجة الجليّة إلى التحرك الفوري. فمن الصعب أن يكون الدافع الأخلاقي للتحرك أوضح مما هو الآن. ومع ذلك، هناك التزامات قانونية محددة، بما في ذلك بالنسبة لأولئك الذين قد لا يكونون متورطين بشكل كافٍ في السياسات التي أوجدت هذا الوضع ليتم اعتبارهم متواطئين في إجراءات المحاسبة والمساءلة المستقبلية. ومن الجدير إعادة التأكيد على هذه الالتزامات والتركيز عليها هنا.

كما أوضح كل منا بالتفصيل في مواضع أخرى، فإن إسرائيل، وعلى مدار ما يقارب 22 شهراً، وإن كان ذلك بدرجات متفاوتة من الكثافة ومع هدنٍ متقطعة، قد انتهجت سياسة متنوعة ومتعددة الأوجه لحرمان سكان غزة من الحاجيات الأساسية مثل الغذاء والماء والإمدادات الطبية وإمكانية العيش بكرامة. (انظر الأمثلة هنا، وهنا، وهنا، وهنا).

لطالما شكّلت سياسة الحرمان هذه منذ وقت طويل انتهاكاً واضحاً لحظر القانون الدولي الإنساني لتجويع المدنيين كوسيلة من وسائل الحرب (انظر هنا، وهنا، وهنا، وهنا). وسواء أخذ المرء بالرأي القائل بأن هذا الإجراء طويل الأمد ينطوي أيضاً على نية ارتكاب إبادة جماعية أم لا – وهو ما خلصت إليه يوم الإثنين اثنتان من المنظمات الإسرائيلية المرموقة، بيتسيلم وأطباء من أجل حقوق الانسان، اللتان انضمتا إلى عدد متزايد من الخبراء في استنتاج ذلك على وجه التحديد- يمكن المحاججة بشكل قوي بأن “المخاطر الجدية” أو “الخطر الشديد” بحدوث إبادة جماعية كان كافياً منذ فترة طويلة لتفعيل الالتزامات الوقائية لدول الأطراف الثالثة بموجب اتفاقية منع جريمة الإبادة الجماعية والمعاقبة عليها، كما هو موضحاً أدناه. ومن بين مجموعة من الأدلة الأخرى، فإن هذا ما تؤكده أوامر اتخاذ التدابير المؤقتة الثلاثة التي أصدرتها محكمة العدل الدولية (ICJ) بين كانون ثاني وأيار من عام 2024، والتي استندت جميعها إلى الضرورة الملحّة لمعالجة “خطر حقيقي ووشيك” يهدد حقوق الفلسطينيين بموجب اتفاقية منع جريمة الإبادة الجماعية والمعاقبة عليها. (أنظر إلى دانينباوم وديل)

ولا تزال الأهمية العملية لتلك الأوامر الصادرة عن محكمة العدل الدولية تتردد أصداؤها حتى يومنا هذا. فالمسألة الرئيسية التي تناولتها المحكمة في قراراتها الثلاثة المتعلقة بالتدابير المؤقتة، وجوهر ادعاء جنوب إفريقيا في القضية بشكل عام، هو الفعل الأساسي المتمثل في “إخضاع الجماعة، عمداً، لظروف معيشية يراد بها تدميرها المادي كليًا أو جزئيًا” (المادة الثانية (ج) من اتفاقية منع الإبادة الجماعية والمعاقبة عليها).

وضمن الأمر الثاني الصادر عن محكمة العدل الدولية في 28 آذار 2024، طلبت المحكمة من إسرائيل:

“اتخاذ جميع التدابير اللازمة والفعّالة لضمان، دون تأخير، وبالتعاون الكامل مع الأمم المتحدة، توفير الخدمات الأساسية والمساعدات الإنسانية التي تشتد الحاجة إليها، دون عوائق، وعلى نطاق واسع- بما في ذلك الغذاء والماء والكهرباء والوقود والمأوى والمساعدات الإنسانية، ومتطلبات الملابس والنظافة والصرف الصحي، فضلا عن الإمدادات الطبية والرعاية الطبية للفلسطينيين في جميع أنحاء غزة- بما في ذلك عن طريق زيادة قدرة وعدد نقاط العبور البرية وإبقائها مفتوحة طالما كان ذلك ضرورياً.”

وقد صدر هذا القرار بالإجماع.

وللتوضيح، فإن المحكمة لم تجد أن إسرائيل مسؤولة عن ارتكاب جريمة الإبادة الجماعية. ومع ذلك، أمرت باتخاذ إجراءات يتعين على إسرائيل القيام بها للحفاظ على حقوق الفلسطينيين بموجب اتفاقية منع جريمة الإبادة الجماعية والمعاقبة عليها، في مواجهة “خطر حقيقي ووشيك” بإلحاق ضرر لا يمكن إصلاحه بتلك الحقوق (الفقرتان 26-27). وكما فعلت في أمرها الأول (الفقرتان 80 و86 (4))، صاغت المحكمة هذا الأمر تحديداً كاستجابةً لـ “ظروف المعيشية التي يواجهها الفلسطينيون” في قطاع غزة (الفقرة 45).

وفي أيار عام 2024، أعلنت المحكمة عن تدابيرها المؤقتة الثالثة (والأخيرة حتى الآن)، والتي تتضمن مطالبة إسرائيل بـ”إبقاء معبر رفح مفتوحاً أمام توفير الخدمات الأساسية والمساعدات الإنسانية المطلوبة بشكل عاجل وعلى نطاق واسع ودون عوائق”

يمكن فهم هذه الأوامر على أنها تحدد التزامات المسبقة لإسرائيل على شكل مطالبات لاتخاذ إجراءات ملموسة، بالإضافة إلى كونها توضح الهدف الذي يجب على دول الأطراف الثالثة أن توجه تحركاتها الوقائية تجاهه، وهو ما سنعود لنقاشه أدناه.

وضمن مسارٍ موازٍ، شكّل الحرمان الجماعي والتجويع محور الاهتمام الرئيسي في المحكمة الجنائية الدولية (ICC)، حيث يشكلان أساساً رئيسياً لمذكرات الاعتقال الصادرة بحق رئيس الوزراء الإسرائيلي بنيامين نتنياهو ووزير الدفاع السابق يوآف غالانت. وقد وجدت الدائرة التمهيدية للمحكمة أسباباً معقولة للاعتقاد بأن نتنياهو وجالانت قد ارتكبا مجموعة من جرائم الحرب والجرائم ضد الإنسانية المتعلقة بالحرمان، بما في ذلك، بشكل أساسي، جريمة الحرب المتمثلة في تجويع المدنيين كأسلوب من أساليب الحرب. ومن الجدير بالذكر أن الدائرة التمهيدية وجدت، وفقاً للبيان الصحفي الصادر عن المحكمة الجنائية الدولية الخاص بالإعلان عن مذكرات التوقيف، أن هناك أسباباً معقولة للاعتقاد بأن نتنياهو وجالانت قد حرما الفلسطينيين في غزة من الغذاء والماء والكهرباء والوقود ومستلزمات طبية محددة، بطريقة “أوجدت أحوالاً معيشية ترمي إلى إهلاك جزء من السكان المدنيين في غزة“.

انتهاكات القانون الدولي هذه لا تقتصر على التزامات إسرائيل القانونية الدولية وحسب، بل يترتب عليها أيضاً تبعات كبيرة على دول الأطراف الثالثة. فبموجب القانون الدولي، تلتزم الدول بـ”ضمان احترام” القانون الدولي الإنساني (بموجب المعاهدات الدولية والقانون الدولي الإنساني العرفي)، وبـ”منع” الإبادة الجماعية (بموجب المادة الأولى من اتفاقية منع جريمة الإبادة الجماعية والمعاقبة عليها). ومن الجدير بالذكر أن محكمة العدل الدولية كانت قد شددت في رأيها الاستشاري عام 2024 على أن “جميع الدول الأطراف في اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة ملزمة… بضمان امتثال إسرائيل للقانون الدولي الإنساني…”. هذه الالتزامات لا تأتي في مرتبة ثانوية أمام الوظيفة، التي غالباً ما يتم التشديد عليها كثير، والمتمثلة في المحاسبة والمساءلة بعد وقوع الانتهاك. وكما جادل أحدنا مع البروفيسورة، جانينا ديل، قبل عام، فإن هذه الالتزامات الوقائية تمثل جوهر الغاية من أطر العمل تلك، ويجب أن توجّه تدخلات الدول في الوقت الفعلي والمناسب، أو لا تفعل على الإطلاق.

هذه الواجبات غير مرهونة بوجود تقييم قضائي كامل ونهائي للمسألة الجاثمة أمامنا، بل إنها تسري استناداً إلى معايير معرفية تستند إلى تقييم الخطر، بدلاً من الاستناد إلى إثباتات نهائية لا تدع مجالاً للشك.

وبشكل ملموس:

  • ينشأ الالتزام بضمان احترام القانون الدولي الإنساني عندما يتضح أن هناك انتهاكات يتم ارتكابها، أو عندما توجد “توقعات” بحدوث مثل هذه الانتهاكات “استناداً إلى حقائق أو معرفة بأنماط سابقة”، أو إذا كان هناك “خطر يمكن توقعه بأن هذه الانتهاكات سترتكب”، [تعليق اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر على اتفاقية جنيف الأولى (2016)، الفقرتان 162، 164[.
  • ينشأ الالتزام بمنع الإبادة الجماعية بمجرد أن “تعلم الدولة، أو كان ينبغي عليها أن تعلم، بوجود خطر جدّي بارتكاب الإبادة الجماعية”، أو بصيغة أخرى، عندما “تكون مدركة، أو كان ينبغي عليها أن تدرك، الخطر الجدّي بأن أعمال إبادة جماعية ستُرتكب.” [قضية الإبادة الجماعية في البوسنة، محكمة العدل الدولية (2007)، الفقرتان 431-432]

وحتى وفقاً للشروط الخاصة بها، ينبغي أن تفهم هذه الالتزامات باعتبارها تنطبق على إنهاء الانتهاكات الجارية وآثارها بقدر ما تنطبق على منع الانتهاكات المستقبلية المحتملة. وفيما يتعلق بالقواعد الآمرة، مثل الإبادة الجماعية وانتهاكات القواعد الأساسية للقانون الدولي الإنساني (تعليق لجنة القانون الدولي، ص 112-113)، وكذلك بالنسبة للجرائم ضد الإنسانية، في رأينا، يمكن استنتاج هذه الصلة من واجبات الدول بموجب المادة 41 من المواد المتعلقة بمسؤولية الدول عن الأفعال غير المشروعة دولياً، التي تنص على أنه على الدول “التعاون لوضع حد بالوسائل المشروعة لأي خرق جسيم” لهذه القواعد، الامتناع “تقديم المعونة أو المساعدة في الإبقاء على” حالة ناجمة عن مثل هذا الانتهاك. وكما هو موضح أدناه، ينشأ عن هذه الالتزامات القانونية عدداً من الواجبات المحددة والملموسة التي يتعيّن على دول الأطراف الثالثة القيام بها.

التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل للأمن الغذائي (IPC) وظروف الحياة في غزة

استندت محكمة العدل الدولية، في أوامرها بشأن التدابير المؤقتة، من جملة أمور أخرى، إلى البيانات والتحليلات التي قدّمها نظام التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل للأمن الغذائي (IPC). وعلى الرغم من أن قرارات مذكرات الاعتقال الصادرة عن المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليست علنية، فمن المرجّح أن المحكمة قد اعتمدت على التصنيف ذاته. وهو ما يعدّ اجراءً مناسباً تماماً، إذ إن الغرض من نظام IPC هو تقديم معلومات دقيقة وفي الوقت المناسب لتمكين الحكومات من منع الأزمات الإنسانية والطوارئ والمجاعات. وقد تم تطويره ليتيح تحديد الاحتياجات الإنسانية بطريقة موحدة وثابتة، دون الحاجة إلى انتظار إجراء تحليل لاحق للأضرار بعد وقوعها.

منذ تشرين ثاني 2023، حذّرت لجنة مراجعة المجاعة (FRC) التابعة للتصنيف المتكامل لمراحل الأمن الغذائي، مراراً من كارثة إنسانية بدأت بالتكشّف في قطاع غزة. وقد كرّرت اللجنة ذلك مجدداً يوم أمس في بيانها الأكثر خطورة حتى الآن.

وبالحديث عن خيبة أمل المتخصصين في العمل في المجال الإنساني، تميل قراءات تقييمات اللجنة إلى التركيز على الثنائية المضللة والمبسطة، مجاعة أم ليست مجاعة، بدلًا من التمعن في الأوصاف اليائسة التي تقدمها اللجنة حول المسار المتسارع نحو المجاعة الجماعية. والسبب الرئيسي في توخي اللجنة الحذر بشأن التصنيف الرسمي للمجاعة يكمن في أن البيانات لم تكن متاحة بما يكفي للإثبات، بيقين تقني، أن عتبات المجاعة المحددة بدقة قد تم تجاوزها رسمياً. ومع ذلك، فقد حذّرت اللجنة، في كل مرة، من أن ظروف الحياة في غزة غير مقبولة، وأن تدهوراً إضافيًا ـ بما في ذلك الوصول إلى مستوى المجاعة ـ متوقعاً في حال عدم حدوث تغييرات كبيرة

ويجب التنويه إلى أن اللجنة، في تقريرها الصادر في أيار 2024، والذي خلص إلى عدم كفاية الأدلة لتأكيد وقوع مجاعة، شدّدت على ما يلي:

“يتعيّن على جميع الجهات المعنية التي تستخدم مؤشر IPC لاتخاذ قرارات رفيعة المستوى أن تدرك أن تأكيد تصنيف المجاعة من عدمه لا يغيّر بأي حال من الأحوال من حقيقة أن معاناة بشرية شديدة ومستمرة تقع حالياً بلا أدنى شك في قطاع غزة، ولا يغيّر بأي حال من الأحوال من الضرورة الإنسانية الملحّة لمعالجة معاناة المدنيين من خلال تمكين الوصول الإنساني الكامل والآمن والمستدام وبدون عوائق إلى داخل قطاع غزة وفي جميع أنحائه، بما في ذلك من خلال وقف الأعمال العدائية. لا ينبغي على أي طرف انتظار صدور تصنيف رسمي لحالة المجاعة قبل أن يتصرف وفقًا لذلك.”

ويُظهر نمط استجابات إسرائيل لتلك التحذيرات أنها لم تكن معنية بمستوى المعاناة البشرية في غزة، بل أن تركيزها قد انصبَّ على إدارة البيانات على نحو يضمن لها عدم مواجهة وصمة التسبب بالمجاعة، أو العواقب السياسية المحتملة لذلك. وفي هذا الصدد تحديداً، يكون الهدف من نظام IPC – وهو تمكين الحكومات من منع الأزمات الإنسانية، بما في ذلك المجاعات – قد قوَّض في حالة غزة.

المجاعة ليست تصنيفاً قانونياً، ولا هي المحفز الأخلاقي المناسب للتحرك. على النقيض من ذلك، فإن المعلومات والتحليلات التي وفّرها نظام IPC كانت، على الدوام، وثيقة الصلة بمسألة ما إذا كان هنالك ظروف معيشية مدمّرة للحياة في غزة، أو ما إذا كان يُتوقع بشكل موثوق أن توجد في المستقبل القريب. وهذا بدوره مهم لإبلاغ وتوجيه الدول بالإجراءات التي يتعين عليهم اتخاذها للوفاء بواجباتها في منع وإنهاء انتهاكات القانون الدولي الإنساني والإبادة الجماعية.

إلحاح الضرورة اليوم

تقلّبت سياسة إسرائيل على مر الزمان. وسط فترات طويلة من الحرمان الشديد وغير القانوني برأينا، كانت هناك تحسينات قصيرة الأمد على مستوى الإغاثة خلال الفترة الممتدة بين آذار ونيسان من العام الماضي (خاصة بعد أمر محكمة العدل الدولية في آذار، والتي تزامنت مع ضغوط من قبل الإدارة الأمريكية التي كانت مطالبة بالمصادقة على أن إسرائيل لا تعرقل وصول المساعدات الإنسانية، بغية استمرار إمدادات الأسلحة الأمريكية)، وتكرّر هذا التحسن (على نحوٍ واعدٍ أكثر)، خلال وقف إطلاق النار في كانون الثاني وشباط من هذا العام.

على أية حال، تلك اللحظات القصيرة من الهدوء لم تكن كافية سوى لإبطاء السير نحو المجاعة مؤقتاً (وتجنب تصنيف IPC للمجاعة)، دون أن توقفه. وقد تسارع هذا المسار خلال الأشهر الأخيرة.

ومنذ 2 آذار حتى 19 أيار، فرضت إسرائيل حصاراً شاملاً على قطاع غزة ومنعت وصول المساعدات الإنسانية إليه. وقد برّرت إسرائيل ذلك بأن السكان قد تلقوا ما يكفي من المساعدات الإنسانية، وبأن حركة حماس تقوم بالاستيلاء على المساعدات. إلا أن هذه الحجج كانت غير معقولة وضعيفة، كما أنها ازدادت هشاشة بعد نشر نتائج التحقيقات في حوادث نهب وسرقة المساعدات. وبإجبار السكان على استنفاذ مخزوناتهم من الغذاء، أرست هذه السياسة الأساس لما يحدث اليوم في القطاع.

وتحت الضغط السياسي، بدأت إسرائيل بالسماح بدخول القليل من المساعدات في أواخر أيار. وفي الوقت ذاته، تحوّلت إلى نموذج جديد لتوزيع المساعدات تم فيه تهميش المنظمات الإنسانية المحايدة والأمم المتحدة، لصالح وكالة توزيع جديدة وغير شفافة مدعومة من الولايات المتحدة وإسرائيل تُدعى “مؤسسة غزة الإنسانية” (GHF). ولاقت المؤسسة ذات الطابع العسكري، والتي تعتمد على متعاقدين من القطاع الخاص، منذ البداية، إدانات واسعة من قبل خبراء في المجال الإنساني، حيث استقال الرئيس التنفيذي للمؤسسة جيك وود بعد أسابيع من توليه منصبه قائلاً إنه “من غير الممكن تنفيذ هذا المخطط مع الالتزام الصارم بالمبادئ الإنسانية المتمثلة في الإنسانية والحياد النزاهة والاستقلالية“.

وقد جاءت نتائج هذا النظام كارثية على الفلسطينيين، فإلى جانب فشلها في إيصال الحد الأدنى من الإغاثة والدعم الإنساني، وتوزيع طرود غذائية تفتقر إلى التوازن الغذائي، وتركيز المساعدات في أربعة مواقع فقط (بدلاً من نحو 400 سابقًا)، جَلَب إطار العمل الذي تنشط ضمنه مؤسسة GHF بُعداً جديداً من الرعب.

تصف مؤسسة غزة الإنسانية (GHF) مواقعها بأنها “نقاط توزيع آمنة”، ولكن بالنسبة للعديد من الأشخاص الذين قُتلوا أو أُصيبوا أثناء محاولتهم الحصول على المساعدات في تلك المواقع، فإنها أبعد ما تكون عن الأمان. وقد وثّقت منظمة “Forensic Architecture” بدقة كيفية عمل هذه المواقع، حيث تقع في مناطق عسكرية نائية ويصعب الوصول إليها. وفي الأسابيع الستة الأولى من تشغيلها، كانت تُفتح في المتوسط لمدة 23 دقيقة يوميًا فقط، ويتم الإعلان عن أوقات عملها قبل الموعد بوقت قصير – وفي بعض الأحيان لا تُفتح هذه المراكز رغم الإعلان عن ذلك. لذلك، اضطر الناس إلى التنافس على كمية طعام غير كافية، وتعرض المدنيون الذين يطلبون المساعدة لهجمات شبه يومية أسفرت عن عدد كبير من الضحايا، بما في ذلك في الـ “اليوم المخصص للنساء” الذي كان من المفترض أن يخفف من وطأة هذه الآثار. ووصف موظف سابق في مؤسسة غزة الإنسانية ما يحدث في مراكز توزيع المساعدات بأنها “جرائم حرب”. وتصف روايات العاملين في المؤسسة تزاحم الشبان ذوي البنية الجسدية القوية على طرود الطعام، التي عادة ما يفتحونها لأخذ محتوايتها الأكثر قيمة، يليهم بعض الفتية الصغار والبالغين الضعفاء الذين يلتقطون ما تبقى من طعام قبل أن يتم تفريقهم من قبل المتعاقدين الموظفين في المؤسسة عبر إطلاق قنابل الصوت.

في تعليقها المرفق مع آخر تحذير صادر عن IPC، كتبت لجنة مراجعة المجاعة ما يلي:

يُظهر تحليلنا للطرود الغذائية التي توفرها مؤسسة غزة الإنسانية أن خطة توزيعها ستؤدي إلى مجاعة جماعية، حتى لو لم تكن مصحوبة بمستويات العنف المروعة التي تم الإبلاغ عنها. وتدل حقيقة استمرار الناس في المخاطرة بالتعرض لإطلاق النار أو الإصابة جرّاء التدافع والازدحام في مواقع التوزيع، على مستوى الجوع الجديد الذي يعاني منه السكان.

في حزيران، أشار رئيس الوزراء الإسرائيلي السابق نفتالي بينيت إلى مقطع فيديو يظهر رجالاً مسلحين فوق شاحنة مساعدات باعتباره دليلاً على سرقة حماس للمساعدات. إلا أن المنظمة غير الربحية المسؤولة عن الشحنة قد فنّدت مزاعمه. كما تابع فريق “Forensic Architecture” الواقعة، وتبيّن أن الحقيقة هي أن مجموعة محلية نسّقت مع الأمم المتحدة لحماية الشاحنات من اللصوص، وأن الحرّاس الذين ظهروا في الفيديو تابعون لها. كما تظهر اللقطات أن المساعدات قد وصلت إلى وجهتها بأمان، أي إلى مستودع برنامج الغذاء العالمي، كما تظهر أيضاً أنه تم توزيع المواد الغذائية بأمان. ولكن إسرائيل قامت بإغلاق الطرق أمام المساعدات استناداً إلى هذه الادّعاءات المغلوطة.

وتتجلى الآثار المباشرة لكل ذلك فيما سبق وصفه أعلاه: ارتفاع أعداد الوفيات بسبب المجاعة، وتفاقم مستويات سوء التغذية، وزيادة القابلية للإصابة بالأمراض.

أفاد برنامج الغذاء العالمي في حزيران أن:

“معظم الأسر قالت أنها تعيش على وجبة هزيلة واحدة في اليوم – تتكون من حساء خفيف، والعدس أو الأرز مع الملح، والمعكرونة، أو علب الفاصولياء أو البازلاء، والبقوليات المسلوقة. وقالت ثلث هذه الأسر إنها تمضي أياماً كاملة دون أن تتناول أي طعام أو تكتفي بقطعة خبز واحدة مع الدُقَّة (وهي خليط من الأعشاب يُؤكل مع الزيت في العادة). ويشرب الكثيرون الماء لتهدئة شعورهم بالجوع، وهي استراتيجية تكيُّف يشيع استخدامها في أوساطهم. فكما قال أحد الآباء: “[عندما يستيقظ أطفالي ليلًا وهم جوعى،] أقول لهم أن يشربوا ماء ويغلقوا أعينكم. هذا يحطمني. وأنا أفعل الشيء نفسه – أشرب الماء وأدعو الله أن يطلع الصباح.” وغالباً ما يقلل البالغون من كمية طعامهم من أجل توفير الطعام للأطفال وكبار السن والمرضى. ويعتمد الأشخاص الذين لا دخل لهم أو لا يملكون القدرة الجسدية على الحصول على كميات ضئيلة من الطعام الأساسي الذي يقترضونه من الأقارب والجيران. ويُضطر نحو 15 في المائة من السكان إلى البحث عن الطعام في القمامة أو تحت الأنقاض.”

وفي تعليقها على تقييم انعدام الأمن الغذائي التصنيف المرحلي المتكامل لمراحل الأمن الغذائي (IPC) في شهر أيار، تنبأت لجنة مراجعة المجاعة أنه في ظل “أسوأ سيناريو واقعي”، مع استمرار العمليات العسكرية الإسرائيلية ومحدودية المساعدات الإنسانية، فإن:

“الغالبية العظمى من سكان قطاع غزة لن تتمكن من الوصول إلى الغذاء أو الماء أو المأوى أو الدواء. وسيؤدي ذلك إلى تفاقم الاضطرابات المدنية والمنافسة على الموارد نادرة الوجود، مما سيؤدي إلى تآكل ما تبقى من آليات الدعم المجتمعي… وسيتجاوز انعدام الأمن الغذائي وسوء التغذية الحاد والوفيات عتبات التصنيف الخامس للمجاعة بحسب تصنيف نظام (IPC).

وعلى الرغم من زيادة تدفق المواد الغذائية الأساسية إلى قطاع غزة منذ شهر أيار، يؤكد مؤشر IPC أن “السيناريو الأسوأ” يحدث بالفعل. ويتجلى ذلك بوضوح في التقارير المتزايدة يومياً عن حالات سوء التغذية الحاد والوفاة بسبب الجوع. وبهذا، يصبح تحقيق الاستقرار والتعافي من هذه الحالة أكثر صعوبة مع مرور كل يوم. يؤثر سوء التغذية على جميع أعضاء الجسم، كما أنه يؤثر على الأفراد على مستوى الخلايا. ولا تقتصر إعادة التغذية على مجرد الوصول إلى التغذية والحصول عليها، إذ يتطلب التعافي المحتمل الحصول على أغذية جاهزة ومخصصة لهذا الغرض، بالإضافة إلى الرعاية الطبية المكثفة في المستشفيات للأشخاص الذين يعانون من سوء التغذية الحاد. المخاطر المحدقة متعددة، والآثار الناجمة دائمة، والتعافي معقد من الناحية الطبية. وتتوقع الكوادر الطبية بالفعل أن معدل الوفيات في “آب سيكون أعلى بكثير لأن الكثير من الأطفال قد تجاوزوا بالفعل نقطة اللاعودة حيث تدهورت حالتهم الجسدية لدرجة أن إعادة تغذيتهم قد تؤدي بذاتها إلى الوفاة”.

وعلى الرغم من أنها تتصدر عناوين الأخبار، إلا أن الجوانب البيولوجية التي يتم التركيز عليها لا تعكس سوى جزءاً مما يحدث للفلسطينيين في غزة. ومن الأهمية بمكان، لفهم طبيعة المجاعة الجماعية وإجرامية التسبب فيها، تقدير أبعادها المجتمعية. تؤدي المجاعة الجماعية بانهيار سبل العيش والمجتمعات والأسر. حيث يُجبر الآباء على اتخاذ قرارات مصيرية، كأن يختاروا بين نقل طفل يعاني من سوء تغذية حاد إلى المستشفى، وترك بقية الأطفال الجياع في رعاية الأقارب أو الجيران، أو قضاء كل ساعة في البحث عن الطعام للأسرة بأكملها. وإذا فقدوا واحداً أو أكثر من أطفالهم، فإن الصدمة الناجمة عن اتخاذ هذا الاختيار المستحيل سترافقهم للأبد. أما “الموت الاجتماعي” فيتجلى في انهيار القيم الأساسية للتكافل والتبادل، وفي مشاعر الخزي والإذلال والانحطاط. حيث يُدفع الناس إلى منافسة محمومة على الطعام، وهي التجربة التي من الممكن تعني لمن يعيشها فقداناً عميقاً للكرامة الإنسانية. بالإضافة إلى أن تغير ملامح أجساد هؤلاء الذين يتضورون جوعاً قد يشعرهم بأن حالتهم الجسدية تعتبر شكلاً من أشكال نزع الإنسانية عنهم.

لا يقتصر التأثير على الحاضر فحسب، بل أن الضرر الناجم عن سوء التغذية في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة وعلى الأجنّة يخلّف أضراراً تدوم مدى الحياة. فالأطفال الذين يعانون من سوء التغذية الحاد في مرحلة حساسة من مراحل نموهم قد يتعرضون لأضرار لا يمكن إصلاحها على مستوى قدراتهم الجسدية والذهنية. بل إن هذا الضرر قد ينتقل إلى الجيل التالي.

وفي الربط بين هذه الآثار ومفهوم “الظروف المدمّرة للحياة”، كان رافائيل ليمكين (المحامي الذي صاغ مصطلح “الإبادة الجماعية” وكان له دور محوري في صياغة اتفاقية منع الإبادة) متيقظاً للأبعاد الاجتماعية للإبادة. ففي محاضرته عام 1953 عن مجاعة هولودومور في أوكرانيا، وصف المجاعة كسلاح استُخدم ضد الشعب الأوكراني كمجتمع، بهدف تدمير “روحهم الوطنية”. ويتماشى هذا مع أبحاث في الأنثروبولوجيا الاجتماعية ودراسات الذاكرة التي تؤكد على تجربة المجاعة باعتبارها فقداناً لنمط وسبل الحياة، وقطعاً لأواصر المجتمع، وتجريدأ من الكرامة والهوية الجمعية والاستقلالية.

واجبات دول الأطراف الثالثة

ما الذي يتعين على الدول فعله في مواجهة هذا المشهد؟

ستشمل الإجابة ذكراً لمجموعة من الإجراءات والتدابيرر على أصعدة عدّة، أكثرها وضوحاً، أن الدول التي ساهمت بشكل هام عن علم (أو، وفقاً لتفسير قانوني بديل، عن قصد) في الانتهاكات القائمة ـ وبالتالي تتحمل درجة معينة مسؤولية التواطؤ ـ يجب أن توقف هذه المساهمات على الفور. (ILC، ARSIWA، المادة 16(أ)، المادة 30، والتعليق ص 66 (الفقرة 5)، ص 88، 115 (الفقرة 11)؛ الإبادة الجماعية في البوسنة، محكمة العدل الدولية (2007)، الفقرات 420-21). وعلى نفس القدر من الأهمية، خصوصاً بالنظر إلى مدة وقوع الضرر في سياق المجاعة الجماعية، يجب على هذه الدول المتواطئة أن تفي بالتزاماتها بجبر الأضرار التي ساهمت في التسبب فيها (ILC، ARSIWA، المادة 31).

وعلى نحو أعمّ، فإن جميع الدول ملزمة بواجبات ضمان احترام القانون الدولي الإنساني، ومنع الإبادة الجماعية، والتعاون لوضع حد للانتهاكات التي تُرتكب. وحيثما كان خطر وقوع انتهاكات قائماً (كما هو الحال هنا بالتأكيد)، يجب على الدول أن “تبذل كل ما في وسعها بشكل معقول لمنع انتهاكات [القانون الدولي الإنساني] المستمرة ووضع حد لها. كما ” يتعيّن عليها” استخدام جميع الوسائل المتاحة لها بشكل معقول” لمنع الإبادة الجماعية أو وضع حد لها. (تعليق اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر 2016، الفقرة 154؛ الإبادة الجماعية في البوسنة، محكمة العدل الدولية (2007)، الفقرة 430).

يُثير هذا الأمر سؤالين؛ أولهما: كيف يمكن تصوّر المسار المؤدي إلى وضع حدّ للانتهاكات الجارية في غزة. وثانيهما: ما طبيعة المساهمة التي يتعيّن على أي دولة بعينها تقديمها لتحقيق ذلك الهدف.

وكما تمت الإشارة سابقاً، على الرغم من أن أوامر محكمة العدل الدولية ملزمة بشكل مباشر لإسرائيل فقط، إلا أن الأوامر التي صدرت العام الماضي توفّر توجيهاً عملياً للإجابة على السؤال الأول، الذي كان من الممكن الإجابة عليه على الأقل في منتصف عام 2024. إن فشل إسرائيل الواضح في الامتثال لأوامر المحكمة كان العامل الأهم في تدهور ظروف الحياة في غزة، وفي احتمال حدوث تدهور حاد في الوضع اليوم. ومن حيث المبدأ، فإن أهمية تلك الأوامر أصبحت أكثر إلحاحاً.

ومع ذلك، في ظل زخم الانزلاق نحو المجاعة الجماعية، أصبحت، بشكل واضح، التدابير التي طلبتها محكمة العدل الدولية قبل عام من الآن غير كافية. فهناك شعور بأن هذا الانزلاق يغيّب التمييز القانوني التقليدي بين الوقاية وجبر الضرر. ولا يمكن حصر الانتهاكات الجارية في إطار زمني واضح، إذ أن بعض الذين هم على قيد الحياة اليوم قد تجاوزوا نقطة اللاعودة، بينما يحتاج آخرون من بين الجياع إلى ما هو أكثر بكثير من التغذية – فهم بحاجة إلى عملية إعادة تغذية دقيقة تحت إشراف طبي حثيث. وقد يحتاج آخرون إلى دعم طبي طويل الأمد بسبب آثار سوء التغذية الحاد على الوظائف الإدراكية والجهاز العصبي المركزي. ونظراً لأن الآثار الجسدية والنفسية والاجتماعية للمجاعة ستستمر في المستقبل، وهنا يمكن القول بقوة إن العمل على الوقاية والتعاون لوضع حد للانتهاكات الجسيمة للقواعد الآمرة للقانون الدولي (jus cogens  )، يجب أن يتبع ذلك.

ووفقاً لهذا المنطق، لا يعد اكتفاء دول الأطراف الثالثة بمحاولة التأثير على إسرائيل لفتح البوابات والسماح بوصول المساعدات الإنسانية دون قيود إيفاءً بواجباتها الوقائية (على الرغم من أنها يجب أن تفعل ذلك)، بل يتعيّن عليها أيضاً أن تستخدم نفوذها لتحقيق هدفٍ أكثر شمولاً – هدف يتطلب من إسرائيل تسهيل وضمان التعافي الشامل للفلسطينيين في غزة من حافة الدمار الجسدي والاجتماعي.

ينطوي تنبيه IPC على وجود حاجة ملحّة للحصول على معلومات أفضل، مما يعني رفع القيود الصارمة المفروضة على الوصول إلى سكان غزة الذين يعيشون تحت وطأة المعاناة. فمن أجل الاستجابة بشكل مناسب وفعال لتنفيذ مجموعة الإجراءات المصيرية الموضحة أدناه، يحتاج العاملون في المجال الإنساني والدول التي تدعمهم دبلوماسياً ومادياً إلى معلومات كافية لتحديد الاحتياجات الأكثر إلحاحاً. هناك أيضاً ضرورة عامة لتحديد حجم الأزمة بشكل كامل باستخدام بيانات شاملة، وذلك من أجل تحديد ما إذا كانت الأزمة تمثل مجاعة من الدرجة الخامسة وفقاً لمؤشر IPC، وتقييم مسار الطوارئ الإنسانية وماهية الاستجابات اللازمة. وهذا يتطلب جمع البيانات الإنسانية وإتاحة التغطية للصحفيين الدوليين دون عوائق، إلا أن كلا الأمرين يخضعان حالياً لقيودٍ صارمة.

فعلياً، لا يحتاج الذين يعانون من سوء التغذية في غزة إلى الغذاء فحسب، وإنما إلى التوازن غذائي، وتوسيع مراكز التغذية المكثفة والعلاجية للأطفال الذين يعانون من سوء التغذية الحاد، وإعادة إحياء النظم الغذائية. كما لا يحتاج الفلسطينيون في غزة إلى الإغاثة الطبية فحسب؛ بل يحتاجون إلى مؤسسات رعاية طبية دائمة ومستقرة يمكن أن تشكّل العمود الفقري للتعافي المستدام، وإعادة التأهيل، والبقاء الفردي والجماعي في السنوات القادمة. ولا يمكن اعتبار هذه الأهداف طوباوية وغير واقعية، بل هي تشكّل الحد الأدنى الضروري إن أردنا ألا تعود الظروف المدمرة للحياة، بعد فترة هدوء قصيرة، بشكل أكثر فتكاً في كل مرة تُغلق فيها المعابر.

ويختلف ما تعنيه الاستجابة من دولة إلى أخرى تبعاً لاختلاف شكل وقدرات كل دولة على التأثر في الأفعال التي تقوم بها إسرائيل (الإبادة الجماعية في البوسنة، محكمة العدل الدولية (2007)، الفقرة 430). وفيما يتعلق بواجبات ضمان احترام القانون الدولي الإنساني ومنع الإبادة الجماعية ووضع حد للانتهاكات، “تظل الدول حرة من حيث المبدأ في الاختيار بين مختلف التدابير الممكنة” (اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر، تعليق 2016، الفقرة 165؛ وكذلك لجنة القانون الدولي، ARSIWA، تعليق ص 114 (الفقرة 3)). ومع ذلك، كلما ازدادت “جسامة الانتهاك” تزداد أيضاً شدة الالتزام بمنعه، مما يضيّق نطاق السلطة التقديرية للدولة فيما يتعلق بما قد ينطوي عليه ذلك. (اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر، تعليق 2016، الفقرة 165). وهنا، تتجلى هذه الخطورة في الأزمة الحادة الراهنة، وفي الأضرار المستقبلية متعددة الأبعاد التي بدأت بالفعل بالتبلور.

وفي بيانٍ نادرٍ من نوعه في ممارسات اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر (ICRC)، أصرّت رئيسة المنظمة، ميريانا سبولجاريتش، مؤخراً على أن الدول “يجب أن تفعل المزيد”، محذرة من أن “كل تردد سياسي” في وضع حد فوري وحاسم للممارسة “المشينة” المتمثلة في “الحرمان الشديد” والهجمات العشوائية في غزة “سيُحكم عليه إلى الأبد باعتباره فشلاً جماعياً في صون الإنسانية في الحرب”. وفي سياق مماثل، حث المفوض السامي للأمم المتحدة لحقوق الإنسان، فولكر تورك، الحكومات على ممارسة “كل أشكال الضغوط الممكنة على الحكومة الإسرائيلية لإنهاء المذبحة في غزة – بشكل دائم”. بل إنه ذهب إلى حد القول أن “الدول التي لا تستخدم نفوذها” في هذا السياق “قد تكون متواطئة في جرائم دولية.”

يجب على كل دولة أن تحدد بنفسها الوسائل التي يمكنها استخدامها. ومن الواضح أن وقت الإدلاء ببيانات قوية أو دعوة إسرائيل لــ“الوفاء بتعهداتها” قد انتهى. وبالمثل، يجب على الدول أن توقف على الفور أي مساهمات أو تشجيع للكارثة المستمرة في غزة، بما في ذلك نقل الأسلحة (تعليق اللجنة الدولية للصليب الأحمر 2016، الفقرة 162) والإمدادات ذات الاستخدام المزدوج. كما ينبغي استخدام أشكال أخرى من الضغط، مثل تعليق اتفاقية الشراكة مع الاتحاد الأوروبي، بهدف حث إسرائيل على السماح بالاستجابة الشاملة للأزمة. كما ينبغي على الدول أن تتحرك لتقويض المناخ المتنامي للإفلات من العقاب في هذا السياق، وإنهاء المراوغة العلنية بشأن ما إذا كانت ستنفذ أوامر الاعتقال مثل تلك الصادرة عن المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، والرد بشكل جماعي على أولئك الذين لا يلتزمون بهذا الواجب، ورفض منح إذن الطيران للأفراد المطلوبين، والتحرك بسرعة لتفعيل قانون الحظر الأوروبي لحماية مسؤولي المحكمة الجنائية الدولية وغيرهم من العقوبات الأمريكية التي تستهدف عمل المحكمة في الوضع الفلسطيني.

لطالما كانت التحذيرات من الجوع الجماعي، بوصفه معاناة إنسانية لا تُحتمل وجريمة في حد ذاتها، متواصلة وموثوقة وتزداد إلحاحاً. ويعدّ الإخفاق في الاستجابة لهذه التحذيرات، في الحد الأدنى، تخلياً مُخزياً عن القيم الإنسانية. أما أولئك المتورطون أو المتواطئون في جرائم التجويع في غزة، فلا بد أن يواجهوا تبعات قانونية قادمة.

أما لهؤلاء الذين يناقشون سبل الاستجابة المناسبة، فهذه ليست اللحظة المناسبة للمراوغة، أو الأعمال الرمزية من قبيل الإسقاطات الجوية؛ بل أن الوقت قد حان لاتخاذ إجراءات إنسانية شاملة ومستدامة ومنسقة. كما يتعيّن على الدول حول العالم أن تتحرك دون تأخير بناءً على هذا الواجب الملحّ.

 

The post لقد نفد الوقت: الجوع الجماعي في غزة والضرورة العالمية الملحّة appeared first on Just Security.

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הזמן אזל: הרעבה המונית בעזה וחובתו של העולם https://www.justsecurity.org/118239/%d7%94%d7%96%d7%9e%d7%9f-%d7%90%d7%96%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a8%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%aa-%d7%91%d7%a2%d7%96%d7%94-%d7%95%d7%97%d7%95%d7%91%d7%aa%d7%95-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a2/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=%25d7%2594%25d7%2596%25d7%259e%25d7%259f-%25d7%2590%25d7%2596%25d7%259c-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a2%25d7%2591%25d7%2594-%25d7%2594%25d7%259e%25d7%2595%25d7%25a0%25d7%2599%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2591%25d7%25a2%25d7%2596%25d7%2594-%25d7%2595%25d7%2597%25d7%2595%25d7%2591%25d7%25aa%25d7%2595-%25d7%25a9%25d7%259c-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a2 Fri, 01 Aug 2025 17:58:51 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=118239 הזמן אזל: הרעבה המונית בעזה וחובתו של העולם

The post הזמן אזל: הרעבה המונית בעזה וחובתו של העולם appeared first on Just Security.

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תנאי החיים של הפלסטינים בעזה קורסים. ההתראה האחרונה מטעם מנגנון סיווג שלב הביטחון התזונתי המשולב של האו”ם (ה-IPC) נפתחת באמירה כי “התרחיש הגרוע ביותר של רעב (famine) מתרחש כעת ברצועת עזה”.[1] אכן, כל הראיות מצביעות על מציאות מחרידה שבה הרצועה חצתה את נקודת המפנה ונכנסה לתקופה של תמותה והרס חברתי מואץ מחמת רעב המוני. כעניין של ציווי מוסרי, משפטי ואנושי בסיסי, מדינות שהינן בעלות יכולת השפעה כלשהי על ממשלת ישראל, חייבות להשתמש בכוחן כעת כדי להביא לסיום המצב המביש הזה. עיכוב נוסף לא יעלה על הדעת. הזמן אזל.החובה המוסרית ברורה. גם החובה המשפטית. בהתאם לחובות להבטיח את כיבודו של המשפט ההומניטארי הבינלאומי, ולפעול אם קיים לפחות “סיכון רציני” שמתבצע או יבוצע רצח עם (עניין שעליו נפרט את דעותינו בהמשך), ובהתחשב בחומרת הרגע ובדחיפותו, אסור להירתע משום צעד חוקי במסגרת המאמץ לגרום לישראל לאפשר את הצפת עזה בסיוע הומניטרי, את שיקום השירותים החיוניים, ולספק את התנאים הנדרשים לצורך ההתאוששות ארוכת הטווח של הפלסטינים בעזה. בהקשר זה, סיוע הומניטרי מיידי אמנם הכרחי, אך אינו תנאי מספיק להישרדות.

צבא ההגנה לישראל (צה”ל)) הכריז על מספר מהלכים הקשורים לסיוע הומניטרי בסוף השבוע האחרון:

  • הצנחות סיוע מהאוויר (שמהוות הסחת דעת קוסמטית מהסיוע בקנה המידה הנדרש);
  • קביעת אזורים מוגבלים שבהם יהיו הפסקות אש הומניטריות ומסדרונות גישה (שהיקפם “המינימלי”, כפי שהוצהר, אינו עולה בקנה אחד עם סיוע בקנה המידה הנדרש, ויישומו יקדם את ריכוז הפלסטינים בחלק קטן שאינו בר-קיימא בעזה); ו-
  • הספקת חשמל מחודשת להתפלת מי ים.

גם לפי תפיסה צרה של מצב החירום ההומניטרי הקיים, צעדים אלה אינם מספיקים, אפילו בהנחה שייושמו באופן מלא. אסור שצעדים אלה יסיחו את הדעת מהצורך בפעולה מקיפה יותר. העובדה שההכרזה הישראלית על צעדים אלה הגיעה עם ההסתייגות ש”אין רעב בעזה” היא כשלעצמה פוגעת באמינותם של הצעדים (ראו גם כאן). כבר עכשיו, דווח כי הקבינט הישראלי שוקל להחמיר את המצור על ערים מסוימות בעזה ולנתק את החשמל לרצועה.

הזמן לצעדים חלקיים חלף.

נקודת מפנה

המצב בעזה מעולם לא היה גרוע יותר. ההתראה  מטעם ה-IPC מה- 29 ביולי קובעת:

“ראיות הולכות ומצטברות מראות כי רעב (starvation) נרחב, תת תזונה ומחלות גורמים לעלייה במקרי המוות הקשורים לרעב. נתונים עדכניים מצביעים על כך שסף הרעב (famine) נחצה ביחס לצריכת מזון ברוב רצועת עזה, וביחס לתת תזונה אקוטית בעיר עזה”.

ב-23 ביולי, דיווח הגרדיאן כי למעלה מ-35% מכלל מקרי המוות מרעב שתועדו מאז 7.10.2023 התרחשו בשלושת הימים הקודמים. סך כל מקרי המוות עמד על 111 באותה עת. ארבעה ימים לאחר מכן, ארגון הבריאות העולמי דיווח כי 63 מתוך 74 מקרי המוות הקשורים לתת-תזונה בשנת2025  התרחשו ביולי (כולל 25 ילדים ו-38 מבוגרים). למחרת נרשמו 14 מקרי מוות כאלה  במהלך 24 שעות. בהנחה כי מתקיימת ההשפעה הרגילה של מחסור המוני, הדבר מרמז כי קיים מספר גבוה עוד יותר של מקרי מוות ממחלות זיהומיות, שהופכות נפוצות יותר וקטלניות יותר עקב תת-תזונה ותברואה לקויה.

בהתחשב בנסיבות, לרבות אתגרי איסוף הנתונים הרגילים הקיימים באזורי סכסוך, כמו גם הגישה המוגבלת מאוד לעזה, המספרים שתועדו גם עבור מקרי מוות כתוצאה מטראומה וגם עבור מקרי מוות שאינם כתוצאה מטראומה הם כמעט בוודאות משקפים ספירת חסר משמעותית. מכל מקום, ניתן להבחין במגמה ברורה ומצמררת בכל המדדים.

ב-23 ביולי, 115 ארגונים הומניטריים פרסמו הצהרה בה תיארו “שיעורי שיא” של תת תזונה אקוטית בקרב ילדים, את ההתפשטות המוגברת של “שלשול מימי אקוטי”, וכן תיארו מבוגרים “המתמוטטים ברחובות מרעב והתייבשות”. יוניצ”ף תיעד את מספר הילדים שאושפזו לטיפול רפואי עקב תת תזונה בשבועיים הראשונים של יולי, שהיה גבוה בהרבה ממספר הילדים שאושפזו ביוני (שהיה בעצמו מספר שיא). ארגון רופאים ללא גבולות מדווח שבמרפאה שלו בעיר עזה “מספר האנשים הרשומים לטיפול בתת תזונה גדל פי ארבעה מאז ה- 18 במאי, בעוד ששיעורי תת התזונה החמורה בקרב ילדים מתחת לגיל חמש שולשו בשבועיים האחרונים בלבד.” תוכנית המזון העולמית מדווחת כי “כמעט שליש מהמשפחות מפספסות ארוחות במשך ימים שלמים”.

גופם של ילדים פשוט ” נכבה.” נאג’י אל-קורשאלי, רופא מיילד-גניקולוג מעזה, אמר לגארדיאן ש-“כ-50% ממאות הנשים ההרות שראה מדי יום סובלות מתת תזונה”, כי מספר ההפלות גדל באופן משמעותי, כי תינוקות שנולדו סובלים “מתת משקל משמעותי”, וכי “יותר ויותר נולדים פגים או עם עיוותים”. התרוקנות המלאי של המזונות הטיפוליים החיוניים לטיפול באלו הסובלים מתת תזונה חמורה, הותירה תינוקות ופעוטות הסובלים מתת תזונה ללא דרך לשרוד. אנשי רפואה תיארו מחסור בתרופות ובתברואה המוביל לעלייה במצבים מסכני חיים, שהם אינם יכולים לטפל בהם.

המצב לא פוסח על איש. 115 הארגונים שפרסמו את ההצהרה ב-23 ביולי תיארו כיצד “הם עדים לכך שעמיתיהם ושותפיהם מתפוגגים לנגד עיניהם.” נאמר כי רופאים סובלים מסחרחורות בזמן שהם בסבבי טיפול. עיתונאים פירטו  כיצד שתו מי מלח “רק כדי להישאר עומדים” וכיצד לעסו “עשבי תיבול יבשים או עלים כדי להשתיק את הצרחה שבפנים”.

סצנות של המוני אנשים נואשים למזון, דיווחים על אנשים שמחפשים שאריות בזבל, וסיפורים על גניבה וכאוס, מצביעים כולם על קריסה חברתית שהינה סימפטומטית לשלבים הסופיים של רעב. האנשים שחווים זאת מדברים על בושה, השפלה, ותחושות של דה-הומניזציה.

הקיום האנושי מבוסס על שיתוף במזון. כאשר אנשים אינם יכולים עוד לחלוק לחם, אלא נאלצים להילחם זה בזה על שאריות, יכולתה של החברה האנושית לתפקד נפגעת קשות. זה מה שאנו עדים להתרחשותו בעזה כיום.

אכן, התראת ה-IPC אחרונה אינה כוללת קביעה רשמית כי בעזה קיים רעב בשלב 5 על פי דירוג ה-IPC  (famine). הסיבה לכך היא שההתראה אינה מבוססת על נתונים חדשים, אלא על תחזית על בסיס נתונים קודמים. איסוף נתונים בעזה קשה ביותר עקב גישה מוגבלת מאוד ותנאים מסוכנים באופן קיצוני. פרשנות הנתונים מסובכת מאוד עקב מידת ההתפרקות החברתית שאנו עדים לה, משום שחישוב שיעור משקי הבית הסובלים מחוסר ביטחון תזונתי, או אחוז הילדים הסובלים מתת תזונה, דורש נתוני בסיס שקשה ביותר לחשבם. ישראל מונעת מעיתונאים ועובדי סיוע לאסוף מידע באופן שיטתי. ועדיין, אנו בכל זאת יכולים לאבחן “רעב” (famine) על סמך התסמינים הנראים לעין, גם בהיעדר רמת הנתונים שעליה מסתמכת בדרך כלל הערכת ה-IPC.  בכל המובנים הרלוונטיים, רעב מסוג famine קיים בעזה. עצם העובדה שמנגנון ה-IPC מצא לנכון לפרסם אזהרה כה חמורה, תוך קיצור הפרוטוקולים הרגילים שלו  ביחס לאיסוף וניתוח נתונים, מעידה על הבהילות שחשים מומחי הביטחון התזונתי לגבי המצב.

חובות משפטיות בינלאומיות

לנוכח מציאות זו, מנהיגים לא נדרשים להזדקק לייעוץ משפטי כדי לראות את הצורך הברור לפעול מיידית. אף הציווי המוסרי אינו יכול להיות ברור יותר.

אף על פי כן, ישנן חובות משפטיות קונקרטיות, החלות גם על אלו שאינם מעורבים ביצירת המצב הזה – או לפחות לא ברמה שעשויה להיחשב כסיוע לפשע בהליכים בינלאומיים עתידיים. ראוי להדגיש ולהתמקד כאן דווקא בחובות אלו.

כפי שכל אחד מאיתנו פירט בהרחבה במקומות אחרים, במשך כמעט עשרים ושניים חודשים – אם כי בדרגות שונות של עוצמה ובהפסקות מדי פעם – ישראל נקטה במדיניות רב-מימדית ומגוונת של מניעת אספקה חיונית מאוכלוסיית עזה, כגון מזון, מים, אספקה רפואית, ומניעת והאפשרות לחיים בכבוד (ראו למשל כאן , כאן, כאן, וכאן).

מדיניות המניעה הזו מפרה זה מכבר את האיסור על הרעבת אזרחים (starvation) כשיטת לוחמה על פי המשפט ההומניטרי הבינלאומי (ראו כאן , כאן , כאן וכאן). בין אם סבורים שפעולה ממושכת זו מונעת באופן משמעותי גם מכוונת השמדה כחלק מפשע רצח העם ובין אם לאו – ויש לציין בהקשר זה כי לאחרונה, שני ארגונים ישראליים מכובדים מאוד, בצלם ורופאים לזכויות אדם, הצטרפו למספר הולך וגדל של מומחים שסבורים שזה אכן המצב – ניתן לטעון בבירור כי לכל הפחות “הסיכון החמור” או “הסכנה החמורה” לקיומו של רצח עם, מספיקים כדי להפעיל את חובות המניעה של מדינות שלישיות מכוח האמנה למניעת רצח עם, כפי שיפורט להלן. בין היתר, זוהי משמעות מרכזית של החלטות בית הדין הבינלאומי לצדק (ICJ), שהוציא שלוש פעמים צווים זמניים בעניין זה בין ינואר למאי 2024. כל אחד מהצווים הללו מבוסס על החובה הדחופה להתייחס ל”סיכון הממשי והמיידי” לזכויות הפלסטינים במסגרת אמנת רצח העם (ראו דננבאום ודיל).

הרלוונטיות המעשית של צווים אלו מהדהדת עד היום. חששו המרכזי של בית המשפט במסגרת שלושת החלטותיו עד כה, והלוז של ההאשמה של דרום אפריקה במסגרת התיק בכללותו, טמונים באקט של “יצירה מכוונת של תנאי חיים שמטרתם להביא להשמדה הפיזית של הקבוצה, כולה או חלקה (אמנת רצח העם, סעיף 2(ג)).

בצו השני של בית המשפט מיום 28.3.2024, בית המשפט חייב את ישראל לנקוט:

[ב]כל האמצעים הדרושים והיעילים כדי להבטיח, ללא דיחוי, בשיתוף פעולה מלא עם האומות המאוחדות, אספקה בלתי מעוכבת ובקנה מידה גדול ועל ידי כל הנוגעים בדבר, של שירותים בסיסיים וסיוע הומניטרי שהינם נחוצים בדחיפות, לרבות מזון, מים, חשמל, דלק, מחסה, ביגוד, צרכי היגיינה ותברואה, כמו גם אספקה רפואית וטיפול רפואי לפלסטינים ברחבי עזה, לרבות על ידי הגדלת הקיבולת ומספר נקודות המעבר היבשתיות והשארתן פתוחות כל עוד יש צורך.

סעיף זה התקבל פה אחד.

למען הסר ספק, בית המשפט לא קבע כי ישראל אחראית לביצוע פשע רצח העם. עם זאת, הוא הורה על פעולות שישראל נדרשת לנקוט כדי לשמר את זכויותיהם של הפלסטינים במסגרת אמנת רצח העם, וזאת לנוכח “סיכון ממשי ומיידי” לפגיעה בלתי הפיכה בזכויות אלו (פסקאות 26-27). כפי שעשה בהחלטתו הראשונה (פסקאות 80, 86(4)) בית המשפט ניסח צו זה במפורש כתגובה ל”תנאי החיים העומדים בפני הפלסטינים” בעזה (פסקה 45).

במאי 2024, בית המשפט קבע צווים בפעם השלישית (והאחרונה עד כה), שכללו דרישה שישראל “תשמור על מעבר רפיח פתוח לאספקה בלתי מוגבלת בקנה מידה גדול של שירותים בסיסיים וסיוע הומניטרי נחוצים בדחיפות”.

ניתן להבין צווים אלה כנותנים תוכן ספציפי לחובותיה הקיימות של ישראל, ואשר הופכים אותן לדרישות פעולה קונקרטיות, אשר בכוחן להבהיר גם למדינות שלישיות כיצד להכווין את פעולות המנע שלהן עצמן (דננבאום ודיל). על נקודה זו נעמוד בהמשך.

במקביל, מחסור המוני והרעבה הם מוקד עניין עיקרי של בית הדין הפלילי הבינלאומי (ICC), שם הם מהווים בסיס מרכזי לצווי המעצר שהוצאו נגד ראש ממשלת ישראל בנימין נתניהו, ושר הביטחון לשעבר יואב גלנט. ערכאת קדם המשפט של בית הדין מצאה כי קיימת עילה סבירה להאמין שנתניהו וגלנט ביצעו מגוון פשעי מלחמה הקשורים ליצירת מחסור, וכן ופשעים נגד האנושות, כאשר במרכז עומד פשע המלחמה של הרעבת אזרחים כשיטת לוחמה. ראוי לציין, כי על פי ההודעה לעיתונות של בית הדין שהכריזה על הצווים, הערכאה מצאה כי קיימות עילות סבירות להאמין שנתניהו וגלנט מנעו מפלסטינים בעזה מזון, מים, חשמל, דלק ואספקה רפואית ספציפית באופן ש”יצר תנאי חיים שנועדו להביא להשמדתה של חלק מהאוכלוסייה האזרחית בעזה”.

הפרות אלה של המשפט הבינלאומי אינן רלוונטיות רק לחובות המשפטיות הבינלאומיות של ישראל; אלא שיש להן השלכות משמעותיות גם כלפי מדינות שלישיות. על פי המשפט הבינלאומי, למדינות יש חובה “להבטיח את כיבודו” של המשפט ההומניטרי הבינלאומי (הן על פי הדין ההסכמי והן על פי הדין המינהגי), וכן “למנוע” רצח עם (תחת סעיף 1 לאמנת רצח העם). ראוי לציין כי בחוות דעתו המייעצת משנת 2024 הדגיש ה-ICJ כי “לכל המדינות החברות באמנת ג’נבה הרביעית יש את החובה … להבטיח את ציותה של ישראל למשפט ההומניטארי הבינלאומי.” חובות אלו אינן משניות לפונקציה המשפטית של הטלת אחריות לאחר מעשה. כפי שטען אחד מאיתנו לפני כשנה במאמר יחד עם פרופ’ יאנינה דיל, חובות המניעה הפרואקטיביות הללו נוגעות למטרות הליבה של המסגרות המשפטיות האלו, וכדי שיהיה בהן טעם הן חייבות להנחות את פעולות המדינות בזמן אמת.

קיומן של חובות אלה אינו תלוי בקביעה מלאה וסופית של בית משפט. הן פועלות על פי ספים אפיסטמיים המתמקדים בסיכון, ולא דורשות הוכחה מעבר לספק סביר.

באופן קונקרטי:

  • החובה להבטיח את כיבוד המשפט הבינלאומי ההומניטרי נכנסת לפעולה ברגע שמתברר כי מתבצעות הפרות של המשפט הבינלאומי ההומניטרי, כי קיימת “ציפייה” להפרות כאלה “בהתבסס על עובדות או ידע על דפוסי עבר,” או כי קיים “סיכון צפוי שהן יבוצעו” (הקומנטר של הצלב האדום לאמנת ג’נבה הראשונה (2016), סעיפים 162, 164).
  • החובה למנוע רצח עם חלה ברגע שמדינה “יודעת, או שהייתה צריכה לדעת במצב נורמלי על קיומו של סיכון חמור שיבוצע רצח עם;” או “מודעת, או שבדרך כלל הייתה צריכה להיות מודעת, לסכנה חמורה שיבוצעו מעשי רצח עם” (רצח עם בבוסניה בית המשפט הבינלאומי לצדק (ICJ) (2007), פסקאות 431-432).

על פי תנאיהן של חובות אלו עצמן, יש להבין אותן כחלות באותה מידה על הבאתן לסיום של הפרות נמשכות והשפעתן, כמו גם על מניעת הפרות עתידיות. עבור נורמות עליונות של המשפט הבינלאומי (peremptory norms) כגון האיסור על רצח עם והפרות של הכללים הבסיסיים של המשפט ההומניטרי (קומנטר הועדה למשפט בינלאומי של האו”ם, עמ’ 112-113) כמו גם, לדעתנו, פשעים נגד האנושות, ניתן להסיק על כך מחובתן של מדינות על פי סעיף 41 לכללי אחריות המדינה “לשתף פעולה כדי להביא לסיום, באמצעים חוקיים, כל הפרה חמורה” של כללים אלה ולסרב “להגיש עזרה או סיוע בשימור” מצב שנוצר עקב הפרה כזו. כפי שיפורט להלן, חובות משפטיות אלו מולידות מספר חובות ספציפיות וקונקרטיות שמדינות שלישיות חייבות לקיים.

ה-IPC ותנאי החיים בעזה

במתן הצווים הזמניים שלו, הסתמך ה-ICJ בין היתר על הנתונים והניתוחים שסופקו על ידי ה-IPC. למרות שהחלטות של ה-ICC בדבר צווי המעצר אינן פומביות, סביר להניח שבית הדין הפלילי עשה את אותו הדבר. זה בהחלט ראוי. מטרת ה-IPC היא לספק מידע מדויק ומעודכן שיאפשר לממשלות למנוע משברים הומניטריים, מצבי חירום ורעב. המנגנון פותח כך שניתן יהיה לקבוע את הצורך ההומניטרי באופן סטנדרטי ועקבי, מבלי להמתין לניתוח לאחר מעשה של הנזק שנגרם.

מאז אוקטובר 2023, ועדת סקירת הרעב (FRC) של ה-IPC הזהירה שוב ושוב על קטסטרופה הומניטרית מתפתחת  בעזה. ב-29 ביולי, היא עשתה זאת שוב, במסגרת ההצהרה החמורה ביותר שלה עד כה.

באופן שמתסכל אנשי המקצוע ההומניטריים למשך זמן רב, יש נטייה, כאשר קוראים את הערכות הוועדה, להתמקד בהבחנה הבינארית הפשוטה והמטעה בין רעב (famine) לבין היעדרו, ולא בתיאורים הנואשים של הוועדה של המסלול המתפתח לעבר רעב המוני. הסיבה העיקרית לזהירותה של הוועדה בנקודה זו היא שלא היו נתונים נגישים כדי להוכיח בוודאות מספקת שספי הרעב (במובן של famine) הספציפיים והטכניים ביותר נחצו רשמית. ובכל זאת, ה-FRC הזהירה בכל פעם כי תנאי החיים בעזה בלתי מתקבלים על הדעת וכי צפויה הידרדרות נוספת (כולל למצב של famine), בהיעדר שינויים משמעותיים.

ראוי לציין, שבדו”ח שלה ממאי 2024 שקבע כי אין ראיות מספיקות כדי לקבוע ממצא סביר של famine, הוועדה הדגישה:

כל בעלי העניין המשתמשים ב-IPC לקבלת החלטות ברמה גבוהה חייבים להבין כי אישור סיווג רעב (famine) אינו משנה בשום אופן את העובדה שאין כל ספק שסבל אנושי קיצוני מתרחש כעת ברצועת עזה, ואינו משנה בשום אופן את הציווי ההומניטרי הדחוף לטפל בסבל האזרחי הזה על ידי מתן אפשרות לגישה הומניטרית מלאה, בטוחה, בלתי מוגבלת ומתמשכת לתוך רצועת עזה וברחביה, לרבות באמצעות הפסקת פעולות האיבה. אין להמתין עד שיתקבל סיווג רעב (famine) לתקופה הנוכחית כדי לפעול בהתאם.

דפוס תגובותיה של ישראל לאזהרות אלו מצביע על כך שהיא לא התמקדה ברמת הסבל האנושי בעזה, אלא בניהול הנתונים כדי להבטיח שלא תתמודד עם הסטיגמה או עם ההשלכות הפוליטיות הפוטנציאליות הקשורות בקביעה כי גרמה לרעב במובן של famine. בהקשר ספציפי זה, מטרת ה-IPC לאפשר לממשלות למנוע משברים הומניטריים, כולל רעב (famine) – בולבלה בעזה.

רעב במובן של famine אינו קטגוריה משפטית, וגם לא הזרז המוסרי המתאים לפעולה. לעומת זאת, המידע והניתוחים שסופקו על ידי ה-IPC היו רלוונטיים מאוד לשאלות האם קיימים תנאי חיים הרסניים בעזה, או שקיים חשש אמין שאלה צפויים להתקיים שם בעתיד הקרוב. דבר זה, בתורו, חשוב כדי לקבוע אילו פעולות יש לנקוט כדי לקיים את חובותיהן של מדינות למנוע ולהביא לסיום הפרות של המשפט הבינלאומי ההומניטרי ולמנוע רצח עם.

דחיפות החובה לפעול כיום

מדיניותה של ישראל השתנתה לאורך זמן. בתוך תקופות ממושכות של מניעה חמורה, אשר לדעתנו הייתה בלתי חוקית בבירור, חלו שיפורים קצרי מועד בגישה לסיוע הומניטרי במהלך מרץ-אפריל של השנה שעברה (במיוחד בעקבות צו ה-ICJ של חודש מרץ,  אשר התקבל במקביל ללחץ מצד הממשל האמריקאי שדרש מישראל להראות שאינה חוסמת סיוע הומניטרי על מנת שאספקת הנשק האמריקאית תימשך), ושוב (באופן המבטיח ביותר) במהלך הפסקת האש בינואר ופברואר של השנה.

עם זאת, אותם רגעים קצרים של הפוגה יחסית שימשו רק כדי להאט זמנית את הצעידה לעבר רעב (וכדי ולמנוע קביעת famine על ידי ה-IPC) לא כדי לסיים אותה. בחודשים האחרונים, תהליך זה הואץ.

בין ה-2 במרץ ל-19 במאי הטילה ישראל מצור מוחלט, ולא אפשרה כלל גישה הומניטרית לעזה, וטענה להגנתה כי האוכלוסייה קיבלה סיוע מספק במהלך הפסקת האש וכי חמאס הסיט את הסיוע. אפילו באותה תקופה, אלו היו טיעונים בלתי סבירים. כשפורסמו ממצאי החקירות על מקרי ביזה וגניבה של סיוע, טענות אלו רק הוחלשו. בכך שאילצה את האוכלוסייה לרוקן את מלאי המזון,  הניחה המדיניות הזו את היסודות למה שקורה כיום.

תחת לחץ פוליטי, ישראל החלה לאפשר זרם קטן של סיוע בסוף מאי. במקביל, היא עברה למודל חלוקת סיוע חדש שבו ארגונים הומניטריים בלתי תלויים והאו”ם נדחקו לשוליים, בעוד שסוכנות חלוקה חדשה ועמומה הנתמכת על ידי ארה”ב וישראל – בשם הקרן ההומניטרית לעזה (GHF) – לקחה את ההובלה. מההתחלה, הקרן הצבאית והתלויה בקבלנים פרטיים ספגה גינויים נרחבים על ידי מומחים לעניינים הומניטאריים, כאשר מנכ”ל הקרן ג’ייק ווד התפטר תוך שבועות מתחילת תפקידו בטענה כי “לא ניתן ליישם תוכנית זו תוך עמידה קפדנית על עקרונות הומניטריים של אנושיות, ניטרליות, אובייקטיביות ועצמאות”.

המערכת הייתה הרת אסון עבור הפלסטינים. בעוד שלא סיפקה שום דבר שמתקרב לרמת הסיוע או התמיכה ההומניטרית הנדרשת, חילקה חבילות המורכבות מסחורות חסרות איזון תזונתי, וריכזה את חלוקת הסיוע בארבעה מוקדים בלבד (ירידה מכארבע מאות מוקדים קודם לכן), מסגרת הפעולה של ה-GHF גם הכניסה מימד חדש של אימה.

הקרן מתארת את אתריה כ “אתרי חלוקה מאובטחים”. אבל עבור האנשים הרבים שנהרגו או נפצעו בעת שביקשו סיוע באתרים אלה, הם הכל חוץ מבטוחים. תיעוד מפורט של קבוצתForensic Architecture  מראה כיצד הם מתפקדים. הם ממוקמים באזורים צבאיים, מרוחקים וקשים לגישה. בששת השבועות הראשונים לפעילותם, האתרים היו פתוחים בממוצע  23 דקות בלבד בכל יום, כאשר שעות הפתיחה פורסמו רק זמן קצר מראש – ובמקרים מסוימים, לא נפתחו כלל למרות שהוכרזה שעת פתיחה. לפיכך, אנשים נאלצו להתחרות על מזון לא מספק, והתרחשו התקפות המוניות כמעט מדי יום על אזרחים המבקשים סיוע, כולל ביום “לנשים בלבד” שאמור היה למתן את ההשפעות הללו. עובד לשעבר של הקרן תיאר “פשעי מלחמה” בתחנות שלה. עדויות של הצוות מתארות כיצד ארגזי המזון נשטפים על ידי הגברים הצעירים החזקים ביותר, שנושאים כמה שיותר קופסאות, לעתים קרובות פותחים אותן כדי לקחת את הפריטים היקרים יותר, ואחריהם מגיעים נערים צעירים יותר, כמה נשים ומבוגרים חזקים פחות, שמחפשים בין הפריטים הנטושים עד שהם מפוזרים על ידי קבלני הקרן שיורים רימוני הלם עליהם.

בהערתה המצורפת להתראה האחרונה של ה-IPC, כותבת ועדת סקירת הרעב:

הניתוח שלנו של חבילות המזון שסופקו על ידי ה-GHF מראה שתוכנית החלוקה שלהם הייתה מובילה לרעב המוני, גם אם היא הייתה מסוגלת לתפקד ללא רמות האלימות המחרידות שדווחו. העובדה שאנשים ממשיכים להסתכן בירי או ברמיסה באתרי החלוקה מעידה על רמת הרעב (hunger) הנואשת ביותר שחווה האוכלוסייה.

ביוני, ראש ממשלת ישראל לשעבר, נפתלי בנט, הצביע על סרטון של גברים חמושים על גבי משאית סיוע כראיה לגניבות סיוע מצד חמאס. העמותה שארגנה את המשלוח ערערה על טענתו, וארגון Forensic Architecture  עקב אחר האירוע. הסיפור האמיתי היה שארגון קהילתי יצר קשר עם האו”ם כדי להגן על כלי רכב מפני שודדים, ואלו היו השומרים מטעמם שצולמו בסרטון. המשך רצף האירוע מראה את כלי הרכב מגיעים בבטחה ליעדם (מחסן של תוכנית המזון העולמית), ואת המזון מחולק בבטחה. אך על סמך הטענה השקרית הזו, ישראל סגרה את מסלול החלוקה הזה.

ההשפעות המיידיות באות לידי ביטוי במגמות שתוארו לעיל: עלייה בתמותה מרעב, עלייה מהירה ברמות תת-תזונה, ורגישות מוגברת למחלות.

ביוני, דיווחה תוכנית המזון העולמית כך:

רוב המשפחות דיווחו על כך שהן שורדות מארוחה דלה אחת ביום – ציר דליל, עדשים או אורז עם מלח, מקרוני, קופסאות שימורים של שעועית או אפונה וקטניות מבושלות. שליש אמרו שהן עוברות ימים שלמים בלי לאכול או מסתמכות על חתיכת לחם אחת ודוקה (תערובת עשבי תיבול, שבדרך כלל נאכלת עם שמן זית). רבים שותים מים כדי להרגיע את ייסורי הרעב, אסטרטגיית התמודדות שדווחה באופן נרחב. כפי ששיתף אחד ההורים: “[כשהילדים שלי מתעוררים בלילה רעבים] אני אומר להם לשתות מים ולעצום את העיניים. זה שובר אותי. אני עושה את אותו הדבר – לשתות מים ולהתפלל לבוקר.” מבוגרים מפחיתים באופן שגרתי את צריכת המזון שלהם כדי לתעדף ילדים, קשישים וחולים. אלו שאין להם הכנסה או [שאינם] כשירים גופנית מסתמכים על כמויות קטנות של מזון בסיסי שהושאל מקרובי משפחה ומשכנים. כ-15% פונים לחיפוש מזון באשפה או בהריסות.

בדברי ההסבר שלה על הערכת חוסר הביטחון התזונתי של ה-IPC במאי, חזתה ועדת סקירת הרעב כי ב”תרחיש הגרוע ביותר הסביר” של סיוע מוגבל ופעולה צבאית ישראלית מתמשכת המצב יהיה כדלהלן:

לרוב המכריע של תושבי רצועת עזה לא תהיה גישה למזון, מים, מחסה ותרופות. מצב זה יחריף את אי-השקט האזרחי והתחרות על משאבים נדירים שנותרו, וישחק עוד יותר את מנגנוני ההתמודדות והתמיכה הקהילתיים המוגבלים שנותרו … [ו] חוסר ביטחון תזונתי, תת תזונה חריפה ותמותה יעברו את ספי שלב 5 (famine) של ה-IPC.

[1] הארת מערכת: בעוד שבאנגלית קיימת הבחנה ברורה בין מונחים כגון famine, starvation ו-hunger , בעברית כולם מתורגמים ל”רעב”. מבחינה משפטית, “רעב” או “הרעבה” לא בהכרח דורשים famine, שהינו מונח מעולם מדעי הבריאות שמשמעותו הפורמלית צרה. בתרגום זה, הוספנו בסוגריים את המונח הספציפי המצוי במקור ככל שהדבר נדרש.

 

Time Has Run Out: Mass Starvation in Gaza and the Global Imperative by Just Security on Scribd

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Time Has Run Out: Mass Starvation in Gaza and the Global Imperative https://www.justsecurity.org/117962/mass-starvation-gaza-global-imperative/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=mass-starvation-gaza-global-imperative Wed, 30 Jul 2025 13:17:30 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=117962 It is time for comprehensive, full-spectrum, sustainable, and coordinated humanitarian action. States globally must act without delay on that imperative.

The post Time Has Run Out: Mass Starvation in Gaza and the Global Imperative appeared first on Just Security.

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Conditions of life for Palestinians in Gaza are collapsing. Yesterday’s Alert from the United Nations’ Integrated food security Phase Classification (IPC) mechanism begins, “The worst-case scenario of Famine is currently playing out in the Gaza Strip.” All evidence points to a horrifying reality that the enclave has crossed the tipping point into a period of accelerating mass starvation mortality and societal devastation.  As a matter of moral, legal, and basic human imperative, States with any leverage at all over the Israeli government must use that leverage now to bring this abomination to an end. To delay further does not bear contemplating. Time has run out.

The moral obligation is palpable. The legal obligation is also clear. Pursuant to the duties to ensure respect for international humanitarian law (IHL) and to act if there is at least “a serious risk” that genocide is being, or will be, committed (on which we elaborate our views below), and given the gravity and urgency of the moment, no lawful measure can be eschewed in the effort to induce Israel to allow Gaza to be flooded with humanitarian assistance, to restore essential services, and to provide the conditions for the sustained, long-term recovery needs of Palestinians in Gaza in a context in which immediate humanitarian provision is necessary but will not be sufficient for survival.

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) announced a number of aid-related policies last weekend:

  • air drops (themselves a cosmetic distraction from aid at the necessary scale),
  • limited areas in which there will be humanitarian pauses and corridors (the self-avowedly “minimal” scope of which are incompatible with aid at the necessary scale and the implementation of which will advance the concentration of Palestinians into an unsustainably small proportion of Gaza), and
  • renewed electricity provision for desalination

Even on a narrow view of the humanitarian emergency, these measures are insufficient, even assuming full implementation. They must not distract from the need for more comprehensive action. That the Israeli announcement of these measures came with the caveat that “there is no starvation in Gaza” is itself discrediting (see also here). Already, Israel’s cabinet is reportedly considering a tightened siege on certain cities in Gaza and cutting off electricity to the Strip.

The time for half-measures has passed.

A Tipping Point

The situation in Gaza has never been worse. The July 29 Alert from the IPC reads:

Mounting evidence shows that widespread starvation, malnutrition, and disease are driving a rise in hunger-related deaths. Latest data indicates that Famine thresholds have been reached for food consumption in most of the Gaza Strip and for acute malnutrition in Gaza City.

The warning follows a period of increasingly dire accounts of conditions in Gaza. On July 23, the Guardian reported that over 35% of all recorded starvation deaths since October 7th 2023 had occurred in the previous three days. The total was 111 at the time. Four days later, the World Health Organization relayed that 63 of the 74 malnutrition-related deaths in 2025 occurred in July (including 25 children and 38 adults). The next day, 14 such deaths were registered in 24 hours. Assuming the ordinary impact of mass deprivation, this would imply an even higher number of fatalities from infectious diseases made more common and more lethal by malnutrition and poor sanitation.

Given the circumstances, including the usual challenges posed to data collection by armed conflict settings as well as severely restricted access to Gaza, recorded numbers for both trauma and non-trauma deaths are almost certainly a massive undercount. However, a clear and chilling trajectory is discernible across indicators.

On the 23rd of the month, 115 humanitarian organizations issued a statement in which they described “record rates” of acute malnutrition among children, the increased spread of “acute watery diarrhoea,” and adults “collapsing on the streets from hunger & dehydration.” UNICEF has documented the number of children admitted for medical care for malnutrition in the first two weeks of July tracking far higher than the number admitted in June (which was itself a record). Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) says that in its Gaza City clinic, “the number of people enrolled for malnutrition treatment has quadrupled since 18 May, while rates of severe malnutrition in children under five have tripled in the last two weeks alone.” The World Food Programme reports that “almost a third of families miss meals for days at a time.”

Children’s bodies are “shutting down.” Naji al-Qurashali, an obstetrician-gynecologist in Gaza, told the Guardian that around “50% of the hundreds of pregnant women he saw each day were suffering from malnutrition,” with miscarriages increasing significantly and babies carried to term “significantly underweight” and “increasingly born prematurely or with disfigurements.” The exhaustion of therapeutic foods that are essential for treating those suffering from severe malnutrition has left malnourished babies and toddlers with no way to survive. Medical professionals have described a lack of medication and sanitation leading to a rise in life-threatening conditions that they cannot treat.

No one is spared. The 115 organizations that issued the July 23 statement described “witnessing their own colleagues and partners waste away before their eyes.” Doctors are said to be suffering dizzy spells while making rounds. Journalists have detailed their experiences drinking salt water “just to remain standing” and chewing “dried herbs or wild leaves to quiet the screaming inside.”

Scenes of crowds of people desperate for food, reports of people scavenging in garbage for scraps, and stories of theft and chaos all point to the social collapse that is symptomatic of the final stages of famine. The people enduring this speak of their shame, humiliation, and feelings of dehumanization.

Human existence is based upon sharing food. The etymology of the word “companion”—someone with whom one shares bread — is just one indicator of how deep this goes. When people can no longer share bread but must instead fight one another for scraps, human society is severely impacted in its ability to function. This is what we see unfolding in Gaza today.

The IPC Alert issued yesterday is not a formal determination of IPC phase 5 Famine. The reason for that is that it is not based upon new data, but on a projection from prior data. Data gathering in Gaza is extraordinarily difficult due to severely restricted access and viscerally dangerous conditions. Data interpretation is highly complicated by the degree of social breakdown we are witnessing, because calculating the proportion of households that are food insecure, or the percentage of children who are malnourished, requires baseline figures that are extremely hard to calculate. Israel has prevented journalists and aid workers from collecting systematic information. But we can nonetheless diagnose “famine” based on the visible symptoms, even in the absence of the level of data upon which an IPC assessment ordinarily relies. In all relevant respects, it is present in Gaza. The very fact that the IPC felt it necessary to issue such a stark warning, short-circuiting its normal protocols for data gathering and analysis, indicates the food insecurity experts’ alarm.

International Legal Obligations

Faced with this reality, leaders ought not require legal advice to see the obvious need to act now. The moral imperative could hardly be clearer.

Nonetheless, there are concrete legal obligations, including for those who might not be sufficiently entangled in the policies that created this situation to be held complicit in future accountability proceedings. It is worth reiterating and focusing on those obligations here.

As each of us has detailed at length elsewhere, for almost twenty-two months, albeit with varying degrees of intensity and occasional pauses, Israel has pursued a multifaceted and varied policy of depriving the population of Gaza of essentials, such as food, water, medical provisions, and the possibility of a dignified life. (E.g. here, here, here, and here).

The policy of deprivation has long been in clear violation of the IHL prohibition of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare (see here, here, here, and here). Whether or not one takes the view that this prolonged action is also discernibly infused with genocidal intent — notably, on Monday, two highly respected Israeli organizations, B’Tselem and Physicians for Human Rights – Israel joined a growing number of experts in inferring precisely that — an overwhelming case can be made that the “serious risk” or “serious danger” of genocide has long been sufficient to trigger third states’ preventive obligations under the Genocide Convention, as elaborated below. Among other evidence, this is a key implication of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) thrice issuing provisional measures orders between January and May of 2024, each predicated on the urgent imperative to address a “real and imminent risk” to Palestinians rights under the Genocide Convention (see Dannenbaum & Dill).

The practical relevance of those ICJ orders reverberates through to the present. The Court’s key concern across the three provisional measures decisions, and the crux of South Africa’s allegation in the case as a whole, is the underlying act of “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part” (Genocide Convention, article II(c)).

In the ICJ’s second order (March 28, 2024), the Court required Israel to take:

all necessary and effective measures to ensure, without delay, in full co-operation with the United Nations, the unhindered provision at scale by all concerned of urgently needed basic services and humanitarian assistance, including food, water, electricity, fuel, shelter, clothing, hygiene and sanitation requirements, as well as medical supplies and medical care to Palestinians throughout Gaza, including by increasing the capacity and number of land crossing points and maintaining them open for as long as necessary.

This provision was unanimous.

To be clear, the Court did not find Israel responsible for committing the crime of genocide. However, it instructed actions that Israel was required to take to preserve the rights of Palestinians under the Genocide Convention in the face of a “real and imminent risk” of irreparable prejudice to those rights (paras. 26-27). As it had in its first order (paras. 80, 86(4), the Court framed this imperative specifically in terms of responding to the “conditions of life faced by Palestinians” in Gaza (para. 45).

In May of 2024, the Court indicated its third (and, thus far, final) provisional measures, which included a requirement that Israel “maintain open the Rafah crossing for unhindered provision at scale of urgently needed basic services and humanitarian assistance.”

These orders may be understood as specifying Israel’s pre-existing obligations into concrete action-guiding demands and illuminating the goal to which third States must direct their preventive action (Dannenbaum & Dill), a point to which we turn below.

In a parallel process, mass deprivation and starvation have also been the primary focus at the International Criminal Court (ICC), where they form a central basis for the arrest warrants issued for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant. The Court’s Pre-Trial Chamber found reasonable grounds to believe that Netanyahu and Gallant perpetrated a range of deprivation-related war crimes and crimes against humanity, including, centrally, the war crime of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare. Notably, per the ICC’s press release announcing the warrants, the Chamber found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Netanyahu and Gallant deprived Palestinians in Gaza of food, water, electricity, fuel, and specific medical supplies in a way that “created conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of part of the civilian population in Gaza.”

These violations of international law are not relevant only to Israel’s international legal obligations; they have significant implications for third-party States as well. Under international law, States have an obligation to “ensure respect” for IHL (under both treaty and customary IHL) and to “prevent” genocide (under article I of the Genocide Convention). Notably, in its 2024 Advisory Opinion, the ICJ emphasized that “all States parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention have the obligation. . .to ensure compliance by Israel with international humanitarian law. . .” These obligations are not secondary to the oft-emphasized function of ex-poste accountability. As one of us argued together with Professor Janina Dill a year ago, these proactive obligations go to the core purposes of these frameworks, which must guide State action in real time, or not at all.

These duties are not contingent on a full and final evaluation by a court. They operate pursuant to epistemic thresholds focused on risk, rather than proof beyond reasonable doubt.

Concretely:

  • The duty to ensure respect for IHL is implicated once it becomes clear that IHL violations are being committed, that there is an “expectation” of such violations “based on facts or knowledge of past patterns,” or that there is a “foreseeable risk they will be committed,” [ICRC Geneva Convention I Commentary (2016) paras. 162, 164].
  • The duty to prevent genocide attaches as soon as a State “learns of, or should normally have learned of, the existence of a serious risk that genocide will be committed,” or, in a related formulation, is “aware, or should normally have been aware, of the serious danger that acts of genocide would be committed.” [Bosnian Genocide, ICJ (2007), paras. 431-432]

Even on their own terms, these obligations must be understood to apply as much to terminating ongoing violations and their impacts as to preventing prospective violations.  For peremptory norms, such as genocide and violations of the basic rules of IHL (ILC Commentary, pp.112-113), as well as crimes against humanity in our view, that connection can be discerned from States’ duty under article 41 of the Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts to “cooperate to bring to an end through lawful means any serious breach” of such rules and to decline to “render aid or assistance in maintaining” a situation created by such a violation. As elaborated below, these legal obligations give rise to a number of specific, concrete duties that third-party States must take.

The IPC and Conditions of Life in Gaza

In its provisional measures orders, the ICJ drew upon, inter alia, the data and analysis provided by the IPC. Although the arrest warrant decisions are not public, it is likely that the ICC did the same. This is entirely appropriate. The IPC’s purpose is to provide timely and accurate information to enable governments to prevent humanitarian crisis, emergency and famine. It was developed so that determinations of humanitarian need could be made in a standardized and consistent manner, without having to wait for a post mortem analysis of the damage done.

Since October 2023, the Famine Review Committee (FRC) of the IPC has warned repeatedly of humanitarian catastrophe unfolding in Gaza. Yesterday, it did so once again, in its most dire statement yet.

To the enduring frustration of the humanitarian professionals, there is a tendency in reading the committee’s assessments to focus on the simple and misleading binary of famine versus not-famine, rather than the committee’s desperate descriptions of the unfolding trajectory towards mass starvation. The key reason for the committee’s caution on the former point is that data have not been accessible to demonstrate with sufficient certitude that the specific, highly technical famine thresholds have been formally breached. And yet, each time the FRC has warned that the conditions of life in Gaza are unacceptable and that further deterioration (including into famine) was to be expected, absent significant changes.

Notably, in its May 2024 report that concluded that there was insufficient evidence to make a plausible finding of famine, the committee stressed:

all stakeholders who use the IPC for high-level decision-making must understand that whether a Famine classification is confirmed does not in any manner change the fact that extreme human suffering is without a doubt currently ongoing in the Gaza Strip and does not in any manner change the immediate humanitarian imperative to address this civilian suffering by enabling complete, safe, unhindered, and sustained humanitarian access into and throughout the Gaza Strip, including through ceasing hostilities. All actors should not wait until a Famine classification for the current period is made to act accordingly.

The pattern of Israel’s responses to these warnings suggests that it has been concerned not with the level of human suffering in Gaza, but with managing datapoints to ensure that it does not face the stigma or potential political consequences associated with having caused famine. In that specific respect, the purpose of the IPC – to enable governments to prevent humanitarian crises including famine – has been confounded in Gaza.

Famine is neither a legal category, nor the appropriate moral catalyst for action. In contrast, the information and analysis provided by the IPC have, throughout, been highly germane to the questions of whether destructive conditions of life exist in Gaza, or are credibly forecast to exist there in the near future. That, in turn, is important to informing what actions need to be undertaken to fulfil States’ duties to prevent and terminate violations of IHL and genocide.

The Urgency of the Imperative Today

Israel’s policy has oscillated over time. Amidst sustained periods of severe and, in our view, plainly unlawful deprivation, there were short-lived improvements in humanitarian access during the March-April period of last year (particularly following the March ICJ order, which coincided with pressure from the U.S. Administration that was required to certify that Israel was not obstructing humanitarian aid, in order for U.S. weapons supplies to continue), and again (in the most promising episode) during the ceasefire in January and February of this year.

However, those brief moments of relative respite served only to temporarily slow the march towards famine (and avert a famine determination by the IPC), not to end it. In recent months, that process has been accelerating.

From March 2 to May 19, Israel imposed a total siege, allowing no humanitarian access at all into Gaza, claiming in its defense that the population was adequately supplied from the deliveries during the ceasefire and that Hamas was diverting aid. Even at the time, these were implausible arguments. As the findings of investigations into incidents of aid looting and theft have been made public, these claims have only weakened. In forcing the population to exhaust food stocks, the policy laid the foundation for what is happening today.

Under political pressure, Israel began to allow a trickle of aid in in late May. At the same time, it pivoted to a new aid distribution model in which impartial humanitarian organizations and the United Nations were sidelined, while a new and opaque U.S.- and Israel-backed distribution agency—termed the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF)—took the lead. From the beginning, the militarized and private-contractor-dependent Foundation was widely condemned by humanitarian experts, with GHF chief executive Jake Wood quitting within weeks of starting on the grounds that it was “not possible to implement this plan while also strictly adhering to the humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence.”

The system has been disastrous for Palestinians. While failing to deliver anything like the required level of aid or humanitarian support, distributing packages composed of goods that lack nutritional balance, and concentrating aid distribution in just four locations (down from approximately four hundred), the GHF framework has also ushered in a new dimension of horror.

The GHF describes its locations as “secure distribution sites.” But for the many people who have been killed or injured while seeking aid at these sites, they are anything but safe. Detailed documentation by the group Forensic Architecture shows how they function. They are situated in military zones, remote and hard to access. In their first six weeks of operation, they were open for an average of just 23 minutes each day, with opening times advertised only shortly beforehand — and on some occasions, not opening at all despite announcing an opening time. People were therefore forced to compete for inadequate food, and near-daily mass-casualty attacks on civilians seeking aid, including on the “women only” day that was supposed to mitigate these effects. A former GHF employee has described “war crimes” at its stations. Accounts of staff describe how the food boxes are swarmed by the strongest young men who carry off as many boxes as they can, often opening them to take the more valuable items, who are followed by younger boys and some women and less fit adults, who pick through the abandoned items until they are dispersed by the GHF contractors firing stun grenades.

In its comment appended to the latest IPC Alert, the Famine Review Committee writes:

Our analysis of the food packages supplied by the GHF shows that their distribution plan would lead to mass starvation, even if it was able to function without the appalling levels of violence that have been reported. The fact that people continue to risk being shot or caught in stampedes at distribution sites indicates the extremely desperate level of hunger that the population is experiencing.

In June, former Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett pointed to a video of armed men atop an aid truck as evidence for Hamas theft. The nonprofit group that organized the shipment challenged his claim, and Forensic Architecture tracked that incident. The true story is that a community group liaised with the UN to protect vehicles from bandits, and it was their guards that were pictured in the video. The sequence shows the vehicles safely reaching their destination, a World Food Program warehouse, and the food being safely distributed. But on the basis of the false claim, Israel shut down the route.

The immediate impacts are manifest in the trends described above: rising starvation mortality, rapidly increasing levels of malnutrition, and increased susceptibility to disease.

In June, the World Food Programme reported:

Most families reported surviving on one meagre meal a day – thin broths, lentils or rice with salt, macaroni, cans of beans or peas, and boiled legumes. One-third said they go entire days without eating or rely on a single piece of bread and duqqa (a blend of herbs, usually eaten with olive oil). Many drink water to calm hunger pangs, a coping strategy widely reported. As one parent shared: “[When my children wake up at night hungry] I tell them drink water and close your eyes. It breaks me. I do the same – drink water and pray for morning.” Adults routinely reduce their food intake to prioritize children, the elderly, and the ill. Those without income or able-bodied rely on small quantities of borrowed basic food from relatives and neighbours. Around 15 per cent resort to scavenging for food in the garbage or rubble.

In its comment on the IPC food insecurity assessment in May, the Famine Review Committee forecast that under a “reasonable worst case scenario” of limited aid and ongoing Israeli military action:

The vast majority of people in the Gaza Strip would not have access to food, water, shelter, and medicine. This would exacerbate civil unrest and competition over remaining scarce resources, further eroding whatever limited community coping and support mechanisms remain … [and] food insecurity, acute malnutrition and mortality would surpass the IPC Phase 5 (Famine) thresholds.

Notwithstanding the increased flow of basic foodstuffs into the Gaza Strip since May, the IPC confirms that the “worst case scenario” is indeed unfolding. This is most clearly manifest in daily-increasing reports of cases of severe acute malnutrition and starvation deaths. Stabilizing and recovering from this becomes more challenging with every passing day. Malnutrition impacts all organs of the body, affecting individuals at the cellular level. Refeeding is not simply a matter of accessing nutrition. Specialized ready-to-use nutritional foods and intensive hospital care for the severely acutely malnourished are necessary for potential recovery. The risks are manifold, the effects are lasting, and recovery is medically complicated. Already, medical professionals are predicting that mortality in “August is going to be significantly higher because a lot of the children have already passed the point of no return where their physiology has eroded to the point where even refeeding could potentially cause death itself.”

Although they inevitably grab the headlines, the biological aspects of the current trajectory capture only part of what is being done to Palestinians in Gaza. Crucial to understanding the nature of mass starvation, and the criminality of bringing it about, is an appreciation of its societal dimensions. Mass starvation is characterized by the breakdown of livelihoods, communities, and families. Parents are forced to make choices, such as deciding whether to take a severely acutely malnourished child to hospital while leaving other children who are also very hungry in the care of relatives or neighbors, or to spend every hour seeking food for the family as a whole. Should one or more of their children die, the trauma of this impossible choice will be lasting. Social death is manifest in the violation of basic norms of exchange and reciprocity, and by feelings of shame, humiliation, and degradation. People are reduced to intensive competition for food, which can be experienced as a profound loss of human dignity. Those who are starving often have a significantly altered appearance and may experience their condition as dehumanizing.

The impact is not limited to the present. The harm inflicted through early childhood and in utero malnutrition entail lifelong injury. Children exposed to severe malnutrition at a vulnerable stage of development may face irreparable harm in the form of reduced physical and mental capacities. Indeed, that harm may be transmitted to the next generation.

In connecting these effects to the concept of destructive conditions of life, Raphael Lemkin (the lawyer who famously developed the term “genocide” and was instrumental in the development of the Genocide Convention) was attentive to the social dimensions of starvation. In his 1953 lecture on the Holodomor famine in Ukraine, he described starvation as a weapon wielded against the Ukrainian people as a community, designed to destroy their “national spirit.” This chimes with research in social anthropology and memory studies that emphasize the experience of famine as loss of a way of life, rupture of community, or dispossession of collective dignity and autonomy.

Third-Party States’ Duties

Faced with this prospect, what must States do?

The answer will include actions along several dimensions. Most obviously, those States that have knowingly (or, on an alternative legal interpretation, purposefully) made a significant contribution to existing violations — and thus bear some level of existing complicit liability — must cease those contributions immediately. (ILC, ARSIWA, art. 16(a) art. 30, & Commentary pp.66 (para. 5), pp. 88, 115 (para. 11); Bosnian Genocide, ICJ (2007), paras. 420-21). Equally importantly, particularly given duration of the harm in contexts of mass starvation, these complicit States must discharge their reparative obligations with respect to harms to which they made a causal contribution (ILC, ARSIWA, art. 31).

More broadly, all States are bound by the duties to ensure respect for IHL, to prevent genocide, and to cooperate to bring violations to an end. Where the risk or danger of an ongoing violation is sufficient (as it surely is here), they must “do everything reasonably in their power to prevent and bring [ongoing IHL] violations to an end” and must “employ all means reasonably available to them” to prevent genocide or bring it to an end. (ICRC 2016 Commentary, para. 154; Bosnian Genocide, ICJ (2007), para. 430).

This raises two questions. The first is how to conceive of the path to bringing the ongoing violations in Gaza to an end. The second is what kind of contribution any specific State must make to that objective.

As noted above, although directly binding only on Israel, the ICJ’s orders from last year provide concrete guidance in response to the first of these questions, at least as it might have been answered in mid-2024. Israel’s manifest failure to live up to the ICJ’s orders has been the most important factor in the deterioration of conditions of life in Gaza and the prospect of a precipitously worse trajectory today. In principle, then, the order’s import has only intensified.

And yet, under the momentum of the descent into mass starvation, the measures required by the ICJ a year ago are now plainly inadequate. There is a sense in which that momentum blurs the traditional legal distinction between prevention and reparation. The ongoing violation is not neatly time bound. Some who are alive today have passed the point of no return. Others among the starving need far more than nutrition—they need a careful, medically supervised process of refeeding. Still others may need long-term medical support due to the impacts of acute malnutrition on cognitive and central nervous functioning. As the physical, psychological, and societal impacts of starvation reverberate into the future, a strong case can be made that the work of prevention, and of cooperating to bring serious jus cogens violations to an end, must follow.

On that line of reasoning, third-party States cannot satisfy their preventive duties merely by seeking to influence Israel to open the gates and allow unfettered humanitarian access (although that they must do). They must also deploy their leverage towards a more comprehensive objective — one that demands that Israel facilitate and ensure the full-spectrum recovery of Palestinians in Gaza from the brink of physical and social destruction.

Implicit in the IPC Alert is the imperative of better information, which means a release on harsh restrictions to accessing suffering Gazan populations. In order for an appropriate and effective response to implement the variety of crucial actions detailed below, humanitarian workers and States who support them with funds and diplomatic action need sufficient information to identify and locate the most critical needs. There is also a general imperative to establishing, with comprehensive data, the full extent of the crisis so as accurately determine whether it is an IPC-5 Famine, and assess the trajectory of the humanitarian emergency and necessary responses. This requires unhindered humanitarian data gathering and reporting by international journalists, both of which are currently highly restricted.

Concretely, those suffering malnutrition in Gaza do not simply need food; they need nutritional balance, the expansion of intensive and therapeutic feeding centers for acutely malnourished children, and the regeneration of food systems. Palestinians in Gaza do not simply need medical aid; they need permanent and stable institutions of medical care that can provide the backbone of sustainable recovery, rehabilitation, and individual and collective survival in the coming years. These cannot be dismissed as ideal, but unrealistic goals. They are the bare minimum objectives if the destructive conditions of life that are present today are not to briefly abate only return in ever more virulent form every time the crossings are closed.

What it means for any given State to act towards these objectives will vary according to the form and degree of its ability to impact actions by Israel (Bosnian Genocide, ICJ (2007), para 430). In the domain of duties to ensure respect for IHL, prevent genocide, and bring violations to an end, States “remain in principle free to choose between different possible measures” (ICRC, 2016 Commentary, para. 165; similarly ILC, ARSIWA, Commentary p.114 (para. 3)). However, as the “gravity of the breach” rises, the intensity of the obligation to prevent it is also enhanced, arguably narrowing State discretion regarding what that might entail. (ICRC, 2016 Commentary, para. 165). Here, that gravity manifests both in the present acute crisis and in the multifaceted future harm that has already been set in motion.

In a statement striking for its rarity in the practice of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the organization’s president Mirjana Spoljaric recently insisted that States “must do more,” warning that “every political hesitation” in failing to bring the “abhorrent” practice of “extreme deprivation” and indiscriminate attacks in Gaza to an immediate and decisive end “will forever be judged as a collective failure to preserve humanity in war.” In a similar vein, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk urged governments to put “all possible pressure on the Israeli Government to end the carnage in Gaza – permanently.” He even suggested, “[c]ountries that fail to use their leverage” in this context “may be complicit in international crimes.”

Each State must determine for itself what levers it can deploy. Plainly, the time for strongly worded statements or calls for Israel to “deliver on its pledges” is over. Equally, States must immediately cease any contributions to, or encouragement of, the ongoing catastrophe in Gaza, including through the transfer of arms (ICRC 2016 commentary para. 162) and dual-use supplies. Other forms of leverage, such as suspending the EU Association Agreement should also be deployed with a view to inducing Israel to allow the necessary full-spectrum response. And States must act to quash the growing climate of impunity in this context, ending public equivocation regarding whether they would execute arrest warrants such as those issued by the ICC, responding collectively to those that fail to uphold that duty, denying overflight permission to wanted individuals, and moving with urgency to activate the EU Blocking Statute to protect ICC officials and others from U.S. sanctions aimed at the Court’s work in the Palestine situation.

Warnings of mass starvation, as intolerable human suffering and as a crime, have been consistent, reliable, and increasingly urgent. Failing to act on these warnings is, at the very minimum, a shameful abandonment of humanity. For those involved or complicit in starvation crimes in Gaza, legal reckonings must follow.

For those deliberating about the appropriate response, this is not the moment for equivocation. It is not the time for symbolic gestures such as air drops. It is time for comprehensive, full-spectrum, sustainable, and coordinated humanitarian action. States globally must act without delay on that imperative.

The post Time Has Run Out: Mass Starvation in Gaza and the Global Imperative appeared first on Just Security.

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特朗普政府重塑《第十四修正案》 ——《黄金德案》并未限制出生公民权 https://www.justsecurity.org/110045/trump-wong-kim-ark-birthright-citizenship-zh/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=trump-wong-kim-ark-birthright-citizenship-zh Fri, 28 Mar 2025 16:32:32 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=110045 To retcon Wong Kim Ark’s parents as the equivalent of current day green card holders is both legally and historically mistaken.

The post 特朗普政府重塑《第十四修正案》 ——《黄金德案》并未限制出生公民权 appeared first on Just Security.

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Editor’s Note: For the original English article, see here. This article was translated by Juan Zhang of APA Justice. 本文由APA Justice的张涓翻译。

 

特朗普总统在竞选期间宣布,他将通过行政命令终止出生公民权,这一决定恰逢美国最高法院在《美国诉黄金德案》(United States v. Wong Kim Ark)判决125周年之际。这绝非巧合。在过去一个多世纪里,美国国会、法院、行政部门和公众都一直遵循并承认该案确立的原则,即在美国出生的人(除外交官及外国占领国的子女外)都自动获得美国公民身份。然而,特朗普签署的第14160号行政命令(Executive Order No. 14160)曲解了《黄金德案》的裁决,似乎认为该判决提供了一种限制出生公民权的法律依据,使其仅适用于美国公民和合法永久居民(即“LPR”或“绿卡持有者”)的子女。但事实并非如此。

尽管《第十四修正案》公民权条款中并未包含“永久”、“住所”或“居住”等词汇,政府仍然主张,最高法院在《黄金德案》中“谨慎地将其裁决范围限定在那些在美国拥有‘永久住所和居所’者的子女”,因为法院在判决中曾如此描述黄金德父母的法律地位。因此,政府认为,只有美国公民或合法永久居民的子女才有资格获得出生公民权。

然而,政府在这里试图建立一个有争议的类比,即将《黄金德案》中的父母与当今的合法永久居民等同。尽管两者在用词上有所相似(如“永久住所和居所”与“合法永久居民”),但它们在法律上却有着完全不同的含义。将黄金德的父母错误地“重塑”(retcon)为现代绿卡持有者,既不符合法律,也不符合历史事实。

黄金德的父母确实在美国有固定住所(加州旧金山市萨克拉门托街751号),1898年的法院判决将其称为“永久住所和居所”。但相似之处仅限于此。正如我们将在下文讨论的,这一住所远非真正的“永久”。

像黄金德父母这样的华人移民,在当时远不享有现代绿卡持有者的权利与责任。

首先,今天的绿卡持有者拥有获得美国公民身份的途径。然而,1868年《放弃国籍法》(Expatriation Act)虽宣称“美国政府自由接纳来自各国的移民,并赋予其公民权利”,但这对所有亚洲移民(包括黄金德的父母)而言并不属实。华人移民因1790年《归化法》(Naturalization Act of 1790)(该法将归化限制为“自由白人”)、中美条约、1882年《排华法案》(Chinese Restriction Act,亦称《排华法案》)以及后来的最高法院判例,被明确或隐晦地排除在公民身份之外。

其次,今天的绿卡持有者可以自由出入美国,而这一权利在19世纪80年代对华人移民而言极为受限。如今的合法永久居民可以在不放弃绿卡的前提下离开美国并返回。然而,从19世纪80年代开始,美国政府对华人移民实施了极其严格的出入境限制。根据1882年《排华法案》的规定,华人移民必须获得“再入境证书”(Certificates of Reentry)才能离开美国并返回。申请该证书的程序极其繁琐,华人必须找到白人证人为其作证,以证明其身份。在《方跃庭诉美国案》(Fong Yue Ting v. United States)中,最高法院甚至裁定,即便一名华人因无法找到认识的白人证人而无法获得再入境证书,最终面临被驱逐出境,这一做法依然合宪。

另一桩案件涉及加州长期居民柴禅平(Chae Chan Ping)。 1887年,他持有效的再入境证书(Certificate of Reentry)返回中国探亲。然而,在他于次年搭船返回旧金山的途中,美国国会通过了一项新法,宣布所有再入境证书失效,其中包括他的证书。1889年,最高法院裁定支持柴禅平被拒入境的决定,并在判决书中这样描述华人移民:“他们始终是这片土地上的陌生人,与当地人隔离居住,并坚持本国的风俗习惯。他们似乎无法与我们的人民同化,也无法改变他们的生活方式。”

1895年,最高法院再次确认了对华人移民的排斥, 判决拒绝了华人商人林满胜(Lem Moon Sing)的入境申请。林文星与黄金德的父母类似,被法院描述为在旧金山拥有“永久住所”的商人。然而,当他从中国返回美国时,仍然被拒绝入境。法院在判决中支持边境官员的决定,并表示林文星“不能仅仅因为自己在美国的商业住所,就要求法院裁决其重新入境的权利。” 由此可见,许多在该时期被视为拥有“永久住所和居所”的华人,一旦离开美国,就会立即丧失这一身份,这与今天的合法永久居民(LPR)形成了鲜明对比。

第三,现代绿卡持有者可以为居住在海外的配偶和子女申请移民,帮助他们获得美国公民身份的路径。 然而,在19世纪末至20世纪初的美国,华人移民却被剥夺了与家人团聚的权利。为了绕过这些歧视性法律,许多华人不得不采取“纸生仔”(Paper Sons)这一策略——即移民支付费用给美国出生的华人,使其谎称自己是他们的亲生父亲,从而获得衍生的美国公民身份。这些针对华人的法律不仅制造了大量“纸生仔”,也导致了今天所谓的“模范少数族裔”在历史上曾被视为美国的第一批“非法移民”。

与此同时,今天的绿卡持有者必须经过严格的审查程序,以确保符合入境资格,包括健康状况、国家安全以及公共安全等多项标准。此外,他们必须缴纳联邦所得税,所有18至26岁的男性绿卡持有者还必须登记服兵役(Selective Service)。绿卡持有者享有永久居留权,可以从事任何合法职业(除部分涉及国家安全的职位外),并受到美国联邦、州及地方法律的全面保护。然而,正如我们将在下文详述的,华人移民在当时并未享有这些权利。

像黄金德的父母这样的华人移民,面对的是极端严苛的法律限制、种族清洗,以及远不及今日移民所享有的法律保护。

黄金德的父母生活在美国的年代,华人移民不仅遭受排外情绪的敌视,还遭遇广泛的暴力攻击、驱逐、私刑处决(lynchings),以及系统性的法律歧视。 华人移民最早于1849年大规模来到美国,他们被加州淘金热(California Gold Rush)的致富梦想所吸引。然而,许多华人最终并未成为富翁,而是通过极其艰苦、甚至致命的劳动,修建了贯通东西两岸的跨大陆铁路最危险的路段,付出了超过一千人的生命代价。当这条铁路完工后,美国历史上首次实现了东西部的全面连通,旅行时间从七个月缩短至七天。这不仅极大促进了美国经济的发展,也奠定了美国日后在全球经济和政治上的强势地位。

然而,这些贡献并未带来接纳。加利福尼亚州尤其颁布了一系列越来越严苛的法律,专门针对华人移民,并引发了众多具有里程碑意义的民权诉讼。 其中包括:禁止华人儿童进入公立学校(Tape v. Hurley案);禁止华人在法庭上对白人作证(People v. Hall案),这一禁令实际上使得白人袭击或杀害华人几乎不可能被定罪;禁止华人为任何加州公司工作或在公共部门任职,这些规定都被写入了1879年加州宪法,并简明扼要地标注为“第十九条——华人”(Article XIX. Chinese)。其他限制措施还包括针对华人洗衣店的禁令(最终导致Yick Wo v. Hopkins案,该案首次确立了表面中立的法律也可以具有歧视性),以及强制剪掉华人男性的发辫(Ho Ah Kow v. Nunan案,即所谓的“辫子法令”)。

今天针对移民的仇外言论,特别是总统使用“入侵”一词,与当年对白人至上主义者对华人的攻击如出一辙。 当时,华人被指控以压倒性的数量涌入美国,抢夺美国人的工作,威胁美国的生活方式。在柴禅平案(Chae Chan Ping)中,最高法院的判决甚至直接引用了加州政客的言辞,他们将华人移民形容为‘东方入侵’,这种描述与今天某些政客对待其他移民群体的言论惊人地相似。

1871年10月,美国历史上最大规模的私刑处决之一发生在洛杉矶,约有19名华人被暴民杀害。在美国西部的其他地方,1885年怀俄明州的洛克斯普林斯屠杀(Rock Springs Massacre) 中,近30名华人被谋杀。同年,华盛顿州塔科马市(Tacoma)约有150至200名华人被持枪暴徒驱逐,他们的房屋被烧毁。这些事件并非孤立的种族骚乱,而是系统性的种族清洗。据历史学家Beth Lew-Williams 统计,在1885年至1886年间,美国西部至少有168个社区驱逐了所有华人居民。这种清洗行动的规模虽然不如对印第安人的土地掠夺或二战期间对日裔美国人的集中营关押那般广为人知,但本质上属于同样的种族迫害。

事实上,与政府今天将黄金德的父母描述为“永久居民”的说法形成鲜明对比的是,他们在黄金德出生后不久便返回了中国。历史学家推测,他们离开的时间点可能与1877年7月旧金山爆发的反华暴乱有关。当时,数百名暴徒袭击了旧金山唐人街,《纽约时报》报道称,他们的目标是“消灭所有华人,彻底铲除这个被憎恶的种族”。大量华人商铺被洗劫和焚毁,至少四名华人被杀害。历史学家记录了美国西海岸发生的一系列有组织的反华暴力和驱逐行动,这些行动完全可以被定义为一场种族清洗。正如学者阿曼达·弗罗斯特(Amanda Frost)所指出的,黄金德的父母“可能从未认为美国是他们的永久家园,而他们的这种想法也是有充分理由的。” 因为当时加州工人党(California Workingmen’s Party)提出的最具代表性的口号就是:“华人必须滚出去。”

在黄金德父母抵达旧金山的那个时代,美国尚未建立现代意义上的联邦移民法律,基本实行开放移民政策。当时不存在签证、绿卡、移民局(ICE或INS)、边境管控、埃利斯岛(Ellis Island),甚至没有“非法移民”这一概念(尽管1803年和1807年的法案禁止奴隶进口,而历史学者Jack Chin和Paul Finkelman认为,这些法律导致了一批被非法贩运到美国的黑人后代根据《第十四修正案》最终获得了公民身份)。黄金德的父母原本是依据1868年《蒲安臣条约》(Burlingame Treaty)合法居住在美国,该条约的目的是为了让美国商人能够进入中国市场。然而,仅仅几年后,国会便开始颁布美国历史上第一部限制移民的法律——1875年《佩奇法案》(Page Act),禁止华人女性进入美国。这项法律表面上是为了打击所谓的亚洲“卖淫活动”,但实际效果是阻止了在美华人男性结婚生子,迫使许多华人不得不返回中国娶妻生子。正是在这种背景下,黄金德本人后来回到中国结婚,并在返回美国时被拒绝入境,这最终引发了以他名字命名的里程碑式最高法院案件——美国诉黄金德案(United States v. Wong Kim Ark)。

这段历史至今仍在重演。尽管《排华法案》被认为是19世纪末的历史遗物,但2025年,美国国会提出了一项法案,试图禁止向任何中国学生发放签证。与此同时,再次沉渣泛起的外国人土地法(alien land laws)(类似于20世纪初对亚洲人的土地购买禁令)表明,美国似乎正进入一个新的“排华2.0”时代。

政府无法通过黄金德案来证明对不同移民身份群体的差别待遇是正当的。

Just Security的其他作者已经分析了《第十四修正案》中“受美国管辖”(subject to the jurisdiction of the United States)条款的法律意义。虽然这并非我们的重点,但了解黄金德父母所处的历史背景,有助于分析行政命令14160号(EO 14160)如何对无证移民或合法居留但非绿卡持有者的人群采取更严厉的政策。例如,一些支持政府立场的人认为,只有完全效忠美国的人才受《第十四修正案》保护,但最高法院在黄金德案中仍然将其父母描述为“中国皇帝的子民”。此外,在黄金德出生的时代,法律上并无“合法”与“非法”移民之分,因此政府无法引用该案作为依据,以剥夺当今无证移民后代的出生公民权。1868年《蒲安臣条约》(Burlingame Treaty)明确规定:“访问或居住在美国的中国臣民,应享有与其他人相同的特权与豁免……”(重点强调“访问”与“居住”享有相同待遇)。换句话说,在19世纪70年代,华人游客与长期居住者享有同等权利。因此,EO 14160号行政命令对合法非公民(包括持学生签证、工作签证或旅游签证者)的待遇,并无法从黄金德案中找到支持。

EO 14160将对当今亚裔美国人群体造成毁灭性影响

如果EO 14160得以实施,其对亚裔美国人社区的影响将是毁灭性的。在美国的亚裔成年人中,68%是移民。亚裔移民(包括各类合法身份)占美国移民总数的很大比例:亚裔占全美无证移民的约17%,此外,H-1B签证(主要适用于STEM领域的专业人才)持有者中超过88%出生于亚洲。美国的大多数国际学生也来自亚洲。根据EO 14160,这些移民的子女将被排除在出生公民权之外。在美国,超过10.8万名亚裔年轻人符合DACA(童年抵美者暂缓遣返计划)保护资格,而他们的子女将因该行政令而被剥夺公民权。这些亚裔美国人并不认同任何其他国家,他们的成长和教育均由在美直系亲属承担。然而,政府却错误地将无证移民描绘为“与美国毫无实质性联系的人”。如果你问Tereza Lee,这位原籍巴西、两岁随父母来到美国的韩裔女性,她是否与美国毫无联系,她会告诉你一个完全不同的答案。她是最初的“追梦人”(Dreamer),并激发了广受两党支持的《DREAM法案》的立法努力。

最后,关于难民与庇护者。除了试图废除出生公民权,特朗普政府还暂停了难民接收计划。二战后,美国接纳的难民逐渐以亚洲人为主。例如,越南战争后,近300万东南亚难民逃离战乱与迫害,寻求在美国庇护,其中包括许多曾与美军并肩作战的人。今天,中国已成为美国庇护批准人数最多的前三大来源国之一。无论以何种方式入境,庇护者都是因在原籍国遭受迫害而主动寻求美国的全面保护。换句话说,他们是主动请求服从美国法律,并对美国效忠的群体。根据法律规定,庇护者无法返回原籍国,也无法更新原籍国护照,否则他们的庇护身份将面临风险。这意味着他们一旦踏上美国国土,便是为了留下来,并最终成为美国人。事实上,庇护者与难民是所有移民类别中入籍率最高的群体之一,这清楚地表明,他们的忠诚始终在美国,而非他们曾遭受迫害的祖国。

美国移民法的起源,本质上是建立在排斥华人之上。美国的移民法律体系最早便是以排华为基础构建的。19世纪,数以千计的华人移民诉讼奠定了现代移民法律体系的基础,包括边境控制与执法机制。直到1891年《移民法》(Immigration Act of 1891),联邦政府才正式接管移民的入境检查权。该法案进一步扩展了1882年的《排华法》,不仅禁止华人,还禁止“所有白痴、疯人、贫民、有传染病者、被判刑的罪犯……一夫多妻者”等人入境。值得注意的是,第一起支持1891年移民法的最高法院案件是《Nishimura Ekiu诉美国案》(Nishimura Ekiu v. United States),案件的主角是一名因该法案被拒入境的日本女性。

进入20世纪后,1924年《移民法》(Immigration Act of 1924)对亚裔移民实施永久性禁令,同时,美国各州也推行了禁止亚裔购买房地产的“外国人土地法”(alien land laws),这进一步证明了美国当时从未打算让亚裔移民在此永久定居。

第十四修正案是美国重建时期的一颗璀璨明珠,它使美国在南北战争的废墟中重塑自我。其中最核心的问题之一,便是450万名曾被奴役的非裔美国人及其子女的公民身份。由于《德雷德·斯科特案》(Dred Scott)的存在,这一问题的答案必须写入宪法。因此,“凡出生于美国者即为公民”的明确表述成为最高法律。当美国最高法院花费一年多时间审理黄金德案时,其中一个重要问题是:未入籍的白人移民之子女的公民身份该如何界定? 如果法院否认黄金德的公民身份,那么,正如Frost教授所指出的,这将引发混乱——成千上万尚未放弃对英国、德国、法国或其他国家效忠的欧洲移民子女,都将无法获得公民身份。最终,最高法院给出的答案是:制定一条明确的规则,以奠定新生美国的基础——一个包括所有出生在这片土地上的人,无论是黑人、白人,还是华人。如果法院作出相反裁决,那将使美国重新回到《德雷德·斯科特案》所代表的排他性法律体系。然而,第十四修正案以及最高法院如今传递出的信息是:尽管非裔美国人曾被排除在美国政治体系之外,尽管华人移民无法归化入籍,但他们的子女将因出生而获得美国公民身份。一个全新的国家由此而诞生。

The post 特朗普政府重塑《第十四修正案》 ——《黄金德案》并未限制出生公民权 appeared first on Just Security.

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The Trump Administration’s 14th Amendment Retcon: ‘Wong Kim Ark’ Does Not Limit Birthright Citizenship https://www.justsecurity.org/109677/trump-wong-kim-ark-birthright-citizenship/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=trump-wong-kim-ark-birthright-citizenship Fri, 28 Mar 2025 14:00:14 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=109677 To retcon Wong Kim Ark’s parents as the equivalent of current day green card holders is both legally and historically mistaken.

The post The Trump Administration’s 14th Amendment Retcon: ‘Wong Kim Ark’ Does Not Limit Birthright Citizenship appeared first on Just Security.

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This article is also available in Chinese, here.

It was no coincidence that President Donald Trump announced on the campaign trail that he would seek to end birthright citizenship via executive order on the heels of the 125th anniversary of the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark. For well over a century, Congress, the courts, the executive branch, and the American public have understood and adhered to the principle set forth by the Court in 1898 that U.S. citizenship is automatically conferred to anyone born in the United States (except the children of diplomats and occupying foreign powers). Trump’s Executive Order No. 14160, however, distorts the Wong Kim Ark decision, apparently in the belief that the Court’s language provides a blueprint to limit birthright citizenship only to the children of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents (“LPRs” or green card holders). Not so.

Despite the fact that the 14th Amendment’s citizenship clause does not include the words “permanent,” “domicile,” or “residence,” the government has argued that the Supreme Court in Wong Kim Ark was “careful to cabin its actual holding to the children of those with a ‘permanent domicile and residence in the United States,’” because that is how the Court described Wong Kim Ark’s parents’ legal status. Therefore, it stands to reason, says the government, that only children of U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents are eligible for birthright citizenship.

By doing so, the government attempts to draw a fraught analogy between lawful permanent residents of today and Wong Kim Ark’s parents. While some of the words sound the same (“permanent domicile and residence” and “lawful permanent resident”), they have completely different legal meanings. To retcon Wong Kim Ark’s parents as the equivalent of current day green card holders is both legally and historically mistaken.

Wong Kim Ark’s parents did have a fixed address in the United States (751 Sacramento St. San Francisco, CA), which the Court in 1898 described as their “permanent domicil and residence.” But that is where the similarities end; as we discuss below, that address was far from permanent.

Chinese migrants like Wong’s parents did not have anywhere near the same rights or responsibilities as modern-day green card holders.

First and foremost, today’s green card holders have a pathway to U.S. citizenship. Although Congress in 1868’s Expatriation Act stated, “this Government has freely received emigrants from all nations, and invested them with the rights of citizenship,” this was not true for any immigrant from Asia, including Wong Kim Ark’s parents. Chinese migrants were implicitly or explicitly prohibited from citizenship by the Naturalization Act of 1790 (which limited naturalization to free white persons), by treaty, by the Chinese Restriction (often better known as “Exclusion”) Act of 1882, and later Supreme Court precedent.

Second, today’s green card holders are free to travel outside the United States and return, something that Chinese migrants, beginning in the 1880s could not easily do. Todays’ LPRs may travel internationally on the condition that they return to the United States or abandon their green cards. For Chinese migrants in Wong Kim Ark’s time, however, the United States made it extraordinarily onerous to leave and return. They were required under the 1882 Exclusion Act to obtain “Certificates of Reentry” in order to leave the United States and return. To obtain such certificates, Chinese people had to have White persons bear witness to their status. The Supreme Court in Fong Yue Ting v United States upheld this requirement even against a Chinese man placed in deportation proceedings because he did not know any White people who could attest and was unable to obtain the necessary signatures.

In another case, a longtime California resident, Chae Chan Ping, left for a visit to China with a valid certificate of re-entry in 1887, and, and while he was on a ship returning to San Francisco a year later, a new statute passed invalidating all reentry certificates, his included. The Supreme Court in 1889 upheld Chae Chan Ping’s exclusion, writing of Chinese migrants, “they remained strangers in the land, residing apart by themselves and adhering to the customs and usages of their own country. It seemed impossible for them to assimilate with our people or to make any change in their habits or modes of living.”

In 1895, the Court affirmed the exclusion of Lem Moon Sing, who, like Wong Kim Ark’s parents, was a Chinese merchant described by the Court as having “permanent domicile” in San Francisco, but who was refused entry back to the United States after a visit to China. Upholding a border officer’s decision, the Court stated that Lem “cannot, by reason merely of his domicile in the United States for purposes of business, demand that his claim to reenter this country” be decided by the courts. It is clear that many Chinese people who purportedly had “permanent domicile and residence” during this period, lost that right as soon as they left the United States, distinguishing them from today’s lawful permanent residents.

Third, green card holders may petition for their children and spouses residing overseas to join them permanently in the United States, conferring upon those relatives their own pathway to citizenship. For Chinese migrants in the United States at the turn of the century, however, the inability to reunite with family members compelled circumvention of discriminatory laws and created a whole generation of “paper sons” – aspiring immigrants who paid U.S. born Chinese Americans to pretend to be their birth fathers in order to claim derivative U.S. citizenship. Indeed, these discriminatory anti-Chinese laws transformed today’s so-called “model minorities” into our nation’s first “illegal aliens.”

Meanwhile, today’s LPRs must all demonstrate admissibility, which means they are carefully scrutinized on a variety of criteria including health-, national security-, and public safety- related grounds. LPRs are required to pay federal income taxes, and men 18 to 26 must register for selective service. Green card holders are entitled to live permanently in the United States, work at any legal work of their choosing (with the exception for certain national security jobs), and be protected by all the laws of the United States and state and local jurisdictions. As we outline below, many of these privileges were largely to denied to Chinese migrants.

Chinese Migrants like Wong’s parents faced draconian legal restrictions and ethnic cleansing and did not have the protections of law afforded to immigrants today.

Wong Kim Ark’s parents lived in the United States at a time when Chinese migrants faced xenophobic sentiment, accompanied by widespread violent attacks, expulsions, lynchings, and systematic legal restrictions. Chinese migrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers beginning in 1849, lured by the prospect of riches from the California Gold rush and, through grueling and often deadly labor, built the most dangerous portion of the transcontinental railway at a cost of over a thousand dead. When this project was completed, America was united from west to east for the first time, and travel time dropped from seven months to seven days. This set the stage for the United States to emerge as a worldwide economic and political powerhouse.

But these contributions did not mean acceptance. California, in particular, enacted an increasingly restrictive series of prohibitions specifically targeting Chinese migrants and generated contentious litigation resulting in watershed civil rights decisions. These included: a ban on Chinese children attending public school (Tape v. Hurley); a ban on Chinese people testifying in court against White people (People v. Hall) (effectively making it impossible to convict a white person on charges of assaulting or killing Chinese people); and a ban on Chinese people working for any California company or in any public sector job, both of which were enshrined in the 1879 California Constitution in a section simply captioned, “Article XIX. Chinese.” Additional restrictions included bans targeting Chinese Laundries (resulting in the landmark Yick Wo v. Hopkins, which held a facially neutral law could be discriminatory), and even the shearing of braided hair worn by Chinese in queues (Ho Ah Kow v. Nunan, the so-called “Pigtail Ordinance”).

The same vitriol aimed at immigrants today (in particular, use of the term “invasion” by the president) was directed at Chinese who were accused of arriving in overwhelming numbers to steal jobs from Americans and threaten our way of life. The Supreme Court in the Chae Chan Ping case acknowledged the outcry from California politicians who described Chinese immigration then, much as the president does about other immigrant communities today, as “approaching the character of an Oriental invasion.

In October 1871, nativist anger erupted into mob violence as approximately 19 Chinese people were killed in Los Angeles in one of the largest lynchings in American history. Elsewhere throughout the American west, nearly 30 Chinese people were murdered in the 1885 Rock Springs massacre in Wyoming, and the same year in Tacoma, Washington, anywhere between 150 to 200 Chinese people were expelled at gunpoint and their dwellings burned to the ground. These were not one-off race riots. According to historian Beth Lew Williams, between 1885-1886, at least 168 communities across the U.S. west drove out their Chinese residents. This was nothing short of ethnic cleansing, but far less known than the violent removal of Native Americans from their lands and later Japanese incarceration.

Indeed, in stark contrast to the government’s current day description of Wong’s parents as having “permanent residence,” they returned to China shortly after his birth, and as historians have suggested, in the aftermath of an anti-Chinese pogrom in July of 1877. A mob of hundreds attacked San Francisco’s Chinatown, and in the words of the New York Times, they had “resolved to exterminate every Mongolian and wipe out the hated race.” Businesses were looted and torched and four Chinese were killed. Historians recite a systematic wave of anti-Chinese violence and expulsions across the west coast that could fairly be described as a campaign of ethnic cleansing. According to Professor Amanda Frost, Wong Kim Ark’s parents “likely never considered America to be their permanent home, however, and for good reason. ‘The Chinese must go,’ became the populist slogan of the California’s Workingmen’s Party.”

At the time of Wong Kim Ark’s parents’ arrival in San Francisco, there was no federal immigration law as we know it today and the U.S. essentially had open immigration. There was no such thing as visas or green cards; no such thing as ICE or INS, no border controls, no Ellis Island, and no concept of “illegal immigration” (notwithstanding 1803 and 1807 bans on importation of enslaved persons: which as Professors Jack Chin and Paul Finkelman argue, gave rise to illegally trafficked persons whose children were later granted citizenship under the 14th Amendment). While the presence of Wong’s parents was federally permitted under the1868 Burlingame Treaty (designed to allow U.S. business interests to have access to markets in China), Congress soon enacted the nation’s first restrictive immigration law – the Page Act of 1875 which forbade Chinese women from entering the United States. The law, ostensibly designed to curtail alleged prostitution from Asia, had the effect of preventing Chinese men already in the United States from being able to marry and have children, and in fact necessitated their return to China if they wished to marry and start a family. It was under these circumstances that Wong Kim Ark himself returned to China to marry and visit his family, and was stopped on his return, leading to the Supreme Court case that bears his name.

This history is important to understand as it continues to be repeated. While laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act were believed to be a relic of the late 19th Century, in 2025 a bill in Congress has been introduced that would bar visas from being issued to any Chinese student.  Together with resurgent alien land laws (also reminiscent of early 20th century property bans on Asians) the United States appears to be ushering in a new era of Chinese Exclusion 2.0.

The Administration will not find support from Wong Kim Ark to justify disparate treatment based on differing immigration status.

Other authors on Just Security have tracked arguments regarding the merits of arguments about what the 14th Amendment’s “subject to the jurisdiction of the United States” provision means. While that is not our focus, understanding the historical context in which the case of Wong Kim Ark’s parents was decided can be instructive here too in analyzing EO 14160’s harsher treatment of those who are undocumented or lawfully present in the United States but not LPRs. For example, while some supporting the administration’s views have urged that only those who pledge full political allegiance to the United States are covered by the 14th Amendment, remember that the Supreme Court also described Wong’s parents as “subjects of the Emperor of China.” Moreover, because there was no distinction between legal and undocumented immigration at the time of his birth, the administration can draw no support from the Wong Kim Ark case to deprive current day undocumented persons from access to birthright citizenship. The 1868 Burlingame Treaty also provided that “Chinese subjects visiting or residing in the United States, shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities…” (emphasis added) – in other words, Chinese tourists in the 1870s had the same rights as those wishing to remain longer. Thus, EO 14160’s treatment of lawfully present non-citizens (including those here on student, work, or tourist visas) finds no solace in Wong Kim Ark.

EO 14160 would have a devastating and disproportionate effect on today’s Asian American population.

If EO 14160 is upheld, the impact on today’s Asian American community would be devastating. 68 percent of Asian American adults in the United States are immigrants. Asian immigrants of all legal statuses account for a substantial percentage of the United States’ overall immigrant population: they make up an estimated 17 percent of undocumented immigrants, and more than 88 percent of individuals holding H1-B visas for specialized occupations especially in the STEM fields were born in Asia. A majority of international students in the U.S. hail from Asia.  Children of immigrants from any of  these categories are excluded from birthright citizenship under EO 14160. With over 108,000 young persons born in Asia eligible for DACA protections, their children would be barred under the Order. These Asian Americans know no other country of allegiance and have been educated and raised by immediate family in the United States. Shockingly, the government cites to policy positions that mischaracterize undocumented persons as “individuals who lack any meaningful ties to the United States.” Ask that of Tereza Lee, the Korean American who was born in Brazil, and brought to the United States at two years old. She is the original “Dreamer” and an inspiration for the popular and bipartisan DREAM Act.

Finally, a note about refugees and asylees. In addition to abolishing birthright citizenship, Trump has also suspended refugee admissions. After the influx of European refugees fleeing post-World War II Europe, a majority of refugees arriving later in the United States have been from Asia. For example, following the Vietnam War, nearly three million persons from Southeast Asia fled war and persecution in their homelands to seek refuge in the United States, including many who fought alongside the U.S. military. Today, China is among the top three leading countries of nationality for persons granted asylum in the United States. Asylum seekers, regardless of the mode of entry, have fled persecution abroad and affirmatively sought the full physical and political protections of the United States. In other words, they are pleading for the right to give obedience and allegiance to the United States. By law, asylum seekers cannot travel to their home countries, or even renew their old passports, without risking their asylum claims or status, lest they avail themselves of any of the privileges of their origin country’s citizenship. For asylees, once they are in the United States, they are here to stay and to become Americans. When granted asylum, they too, have a pathway to U.S. citizenship, and asylees (together with refugees) have some of the highest rates of naturalization of any class of immigrants, demonstrating that overwhelmingly, their allegiance all along has been to the United States and not their prior countries, where they experienced persecution.

The origin story of U.S. immigration law is one that firmly has its roots in the exclusion of Chinese migrants and the literally thousands of cases filed by them to vindicate their rights. These cases laid the foundation for today’s immigration legal regime, including the border control and enforcement mechanisms we know today. It was not until the Immigration Act of 1891 that the federal government assumed direct control over the inspection and admission of immigrants. The 1891 Act was designed to expand upon the Chinese Restriction (Exclusion) Act of 1882 to bar those other than Chinese including: “all idiots, insane persons, paupers, or persons likely to become a public charge, persons suffering from a loathsome or a dangerous contagious disease, persons who have been convicted of a felony …polygamists,” among others. It is telling that the first Supreme Court case upholding the 1891 Act and the federal government’s sweeping new immigration powers was Nishimura Ekiu v. United States, involving a Japanese woman who was denied entry under the law.

The 20th century brought the 1924 Immigration Act and a permanent bar on migration from Asia along with widespread policies in states with Asian immigrant populations prohibiting them from purchasing real property (so called “alien land laws”) – another sign that the United States never intended Asians migrants to have an enduring or permanent presence in this country.

The 14th Amendment was a crown jewel of Reconstruction, through which America refashioned itself out of the ashes of the Civil War. Central to this was the question of citizenship status of the 4.5 million formerly enslaved African Americans and their children. Because of Dred Scott, it was critical that the answer be contained in the Constitution. And so, the straightforward language that proclaimed all those born in the United States as citizens became the highest law in the land. When the Supreme Court deliberated for more than a year on Wong Kim Ark’s fate, one of the overhanging questions was of the status of the children of non-naturalized white immigrants.   If Wong Kim Ark was denied citizenship, chaos would ensue, as Professor Frost argued, and hundreds of thousands of children of European migrants who had not renounced their loyalties to Britain, Germany or France or other nations, would not be citizens.  The Court’s answer was to craft a straightforward rule that would lay the foundation of the new America that was to emerge – a nation which included those born on its soil – Black, White and, yes, even Chinese. For the court to rule otherwise would return America to the exclusionary legal architecture of Dred Scott The 14th Amendment and the Supreme Court now sent a  new message: While African Americans had previously never been imagined as being part of the American polity and Chinese migrants could not even naturalize – now their children would be American citizens by birth.  A new nation had emerged.

Editor’s note: This piece is part of the Collection: Just Security’s Coverage of the Trump Administration’s Executive Actions

IMAGE: Departure Statement, Wong Kim Ark Record Group 21. USDC No. District Court of CA, SF Admiralty Case File #11198, Departure Statement of Wong Kim Ark, 1894. National Archives Identifier: 2641490. (Via National Archives)

The post The Trump Administration’s 14th Amendment Retcon: ‘Wong Kim Ark’ Does Not Limit Birthright Citizenship appeared first on Just Security.

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イスラエルが人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトを実行しているという国際司法裁判所による認定の含意 https://www.justsecurity.org/94909/%e5%9b%bd%e9%9a%9b%e5%8f%b8%e6%b3%95%e8%a3%81%e5%88%a4%e6%89%80-%e3%82%a4%e3%82%b9%e3%83%a9%e3%82%a8%e3%83%ab-%e3%82%a2%e3%83%91%e3%83%ab%e3%83%88%e3%83%98%e3%82%a4%e3%83%88/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=%25e5%259b%25bd%25e9%259a%259b%25e5%258f%25b8%25e6%25b3%2595%25e8%25a3%2581%25e5%2588%25a4%25e6%2589%2580-%25e3%2582%25a4%25e3%2582%25b9%25e3%2583%25a9%25e3%2582%25a8%25e3%2583%25ab-%25e3%2582%25a2%25e3%2583%2591%25e3%2583%25ab%25e3%2583%2588%25e3%2583%2598%25e3%2582%25a4%25e3%2583%2588 Wed, 20 Mar 2024 16:28:23 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=94909 Reconstituting the U.N. Special Committee Against Apartheid and the Group of Three should be given due consideration.

The post イスラエルが人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトを実行しているという国際司法裁判所による認定の含意 appeared first on Just Security.

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Editor’s note: For the original article in English, see here. Translation courtesy 根岸 陽太 Dr. NEGISHI Yota.

イスラエルが人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトを実行しているという国際司法裁判所による認定の含意

ヴィクター・カタン

 

先月、50カ国以上が国際司法裁判所(ICJ)に集い、イスラエルによる東エルサレム・ヨルダン川西岸・ガザの長期占領の合法性について見解を表明した。この問題に関する勧告的意見を求める2022年12月の国連総会の要請に関連して、弁論は6日間に及び、2月26日に閉会した。

手続に参加したほぼすべての国が占領の違法性について見解を表明する機会を得た。その一方で、24カ国と3つの国際機関が行ったのは、イスラエルの政策と慣行が、国際法上のアパルトヘイト(人種隔離政策)の禁止に違反する制度化された人種差別と支配のシステムであり、禁止された人種差別行為に相当するとのさらなる主張であった。

イスラエルがパレスチナ人に人種差別体制を敷いているという主張は、南アフリカにおけるアパルトヘイトの終焉から30年、国際司法裁判所が「ナミビア(南西アフリカ)における南アフリカの継続的な駐留が諸国家にもたらす法的帰結に関する事件」で最後にこの問題を取り上げてから53年が経った今、重要な意味を持つ。国際司法裁判所は1971年のナミビア事件勧告的意見において、ナミビアにおける南アフリカの継続的な駐留は違法であり、南アフリカがその統治から即時的に撤退するように義務づけられると判断した。この結論に至る過程で、国際司法裁判所は、アパルトヘイト制度の確立と施行が、「基本的人権の否定」を構成し、「〔国連〕憲章の目的と原則に対する甚だしい違反」に相当すると説明した。

国際司法裁判所でのイスラエルの政策と慣行に関する議論は新境地を開くものである。南ア以外の国連加盟国がアパルトヘイトを実施していると、初めて「世界法廷」で主張したのである。この主張を進める国のうち、16カ国はアパルトヘイト犯罪の抑制と処罰に関する国際条約の締約国である。以下に説明するように、これらの国は、国連人権高等弁務官事務所(OHCHR)に対し、成人普通選挙による初の多人種選挙­­――ネルソン・マンデラ氏の大統領就任につながった­――の実施を受けて1995年に停止された条約監視機関の再稼働を要請することができる。これらの国はまた、国連反アパルトヘイト特別委員会の再設置も検討するかもしれない。

国際司法裁判所がアパルトヘイトを有権的に認定することで、国連武器貿易条約の締約国にも影響を及ぼす可能性もある。アパルトヘイトは国際法で禁止されている行為であることに加え、人道に対する犯罪であり、ジュネーブ諸条約の重大な違反でもあるからだ。

国際司法裁判所におけるアパルトヘイト

アパルトヘイトは国際司法裁判所にとって目新しいテーマではない。同裁判所は、1946年から1990年まで、南アフリカによる南西アフリカ(現在のナミビア)の長期的かつ違法な統治〔への対応〕から生じた豊富な判例を手にしている。そこでは、人種差別体制がナミビアの人々に課され、4つの勧告的意見(1950年・1955年・1956年・1971年)と争訟事件(1960年~1966年)につながった。

この点で、ナミビアが2023年7月の裁判所に対する陳述書で、「南アフリカによる組織的な人種差別という自国の歴史的経験」に注意を引いたことは重要である(7 c段落)。ナミビアは陳述書の圧倒的大部分を割いて、イスラエルの政策と慣行が、慣習国際法におけるアパルトヘイトの禁止と人種差別撤廃条約(ICERD)3条――ともにイスラエルを拘束する――に違反する理由を説明した。同条は、締約国に対し、その管轄下にある領域における人種隔離とアパルトヘイトのあらゆる慣行を防止・禁止・根絶することを義務づけており、いずれもイスラエルを拘束するものである。

ナミビアはまた陳述書において、1973年アパルトヘイト条約2条におけるアパルトヘイトの定義が慣習国際法を反映したものであるとの主張を展開した。ナミビアはさらに、1973年アパルトヘイト条約1条が、アパルトヘイトを個人の刑事責任を生じさせる人道に対する犯罪として定義していると指摘した。アパルトヘイトはまた、国際刑事裁判所ローマ規程(ICC規程)7条において、個人の刑事責任を生じさせる人道に対する犯罪として定義されている。

イスラエルはアパルトヘイト条約にもローマ規程にも締約国となっていないが、私の計算では、世界中の166カ国がこれらの条約の少なくとも1つを批准している。この事実は、その定義がジェノサイド犯罪の定義と重複するこの犯罪が慣習国際法を反映しているという主張の確固たる根拠となる。人種差別の慣行とアパルトヘイトは、一般国際法の強行規範にも違反する。

アパルトヘイトの主張の重要性

国際司法裁判所手続においてイスラエルがパレスチナ人にアパルトヘイト体制を敷いていると主張することは、――勧告的意見が、それを要請した国連機関(この場合は国連総会)を形式的に拘束するものではないにもかかわらず――南アフリカが1948年ジェノサイド条約に基づきイスラエルに対して提起した事件よりも、さらに重大な帰結をもたらす可能性がある。

というのも、国連安全保障理事会が冷戦時代に分裂していた際に――今日も同様に分裂している――に、国連がアパルトヘイト根絶のための取り組みを調整する特別なメカニズムを創設したからである。これらのメカニズムは数十年間休眠状態にあったが、政治的な意志があれば復活させることができるだろう。アパルトヘイトが国連加盟国によって実行されているとこれほど多くの国が国際司法裁判所で主張したことは、こうした取り組みを促進する可能性がある。

国連反アパルトヘイト特別委員会

冷戦時代にアパルトヘイトを根絶するために設置されたメカニズムの一つが、1962年に国連総会が設置した反アパルトヘイト特別委員会である。ジョン・レイノルズ(John Reynolds)法学教授が説明するように、「南アフリカにおけるアパルトヘイトの解体に伴い、特別委員会は国連によって解散させられた。しかし、その間に、『アパルトヘイト犯罪』が別の場所で起こり続けているというコンセンサスが、グローバル規模の市民社会を横断して醸成されてきた。パレスチナである」。レイノルズは、イスラエルのアパルトヘイト疑惑を調査するために、2023年9月に反アパルトヘイト特別委員会の再設置を求めた285の市民社会組織からなるグローバル規模の連合に注目した。

反アパルトヘイト特別委員会は、故E.S.レディ(Reddy)に率いられ、南アフリカのアパルトヘイトを終わらせる取り組みの調整において極めて重要な役割を果たした。同委員会は、南アフリカにおける制度化された人種差別について、国連の総会と安保理に報告する任務を与えられていた。特別委員会を再び設置するには、総会からの支援と資金が必要であり、一部の国からの反対も予想される。しかし、このような反対は冷戦時代にもあったが、特別委員会が重要な仕事をするのを妨げることはなかった。政治的な意志があれば、道は開けることが多い。ガザの惨状は言うに及ばず、勧告的手続によって創り出された機運は、委員会を再び設置するために必要な支援となるかもしれない。また、安保理とは異なり、総会決議は安保理〔常任理事国〕の拒否権の対象とはならず、コンセンサスを必要としない。

三者部会

反アパルトヘイト特別委員会を補完する、より単刀直入に設置される可能性がある――解散されたことのない――メカニズムとして、1973年アパルトヘイト条約の条約監視メカニズムがある。これは「三者部会(Group of Three)」と呼ばれる。

三者部会は、国連人権委員会委員長によって任命されたアパルトヘイト条約締約国の代表3名で構成されていた。このグループは1978年から1993年の間に会合を開き、その際に締約国による129の報告書を審査した。これらの報告書の大半はアフリカ南部におけるアパルトヘイトに関するものだったが、カタールなど数カ国は、イスラエルのパレスチナ人に対する政策や慣行が、1973年アパルトヘイト条約2条の適用範囲に含まれると言及していた。同条約2条は、「アパルトヘイト犯罪」を「アフリカ南部で行われているような人種隔離・差別と類似する政策と慣行」を含むものと定義している。この犯罪は、人権侵害(差別、表現の自由・移動の自由・居住の自由・職業の自由・労働への権利に対する制限など)と同様に、通常の法律における犯罪(殺人・ジェノサイド・拷問・迫害・強制労働など)であるいくつかの「非人間的行為」に適用されると定義されている。これらの「非人間的行為」はアパルトヘイト条約2条(a)~(f)項に記載されている。それらは、「一つの人種集団による他の人種集団に対する支配を確立・維持し、組織的に抑圧することを目的として行われる」場合に、「アパルトヘイト犯罪」を構成すると定義されている。

三者部会の作業には、様々な機能のなかでも、次の事柄が含まれていた。すなわち、アパルトヘイトという人道に対する犯罪を実行・支援・援助している疑いのある個人・機関・組織の名前をすべての国連加盟国に公表し、国連事務総長や諸国家、権限ある国連機関の注目を集めるために「ブラックリスト」に載せること;条約5条が想定しているアパルトヘイト犯罪を裁くための常設的な国際刑事法廷の規程を作成すること;アフリカ南部のアパルトヘイトの維持における多国籍企業の役割に注意を喚起することである。

国連特別委員会と同様に、三者部会はアパルトヘイト犯罪を実行した政府と、それを支援した政府に対して、圧力をかけることを目的としていた。その活動は実際に、人権侵害への注意を喚起し、1973年アパルトヘイト条約の処罰規定の遵守状況を報告するだけにとどまらず、個人や組織の責任を追及することにまで及んだ。

三者部会がどれほどの影響力を持っていたかを測るのは難しいが、同部会が最盛期を迎えていた1984年から1987年にかけて、学者のジョセフ・ハンロン(Joseph Hanlon)が「制裁の猛威(sanctions juggernaut)」と呼んだように、多くの政府が南アフリカに対して措置を打ち出した。これには、1985年にアメリカが融資のロール・オーバーを行わないことを決定したことで、南アフリカが短期債務支払を凍結せざるをえなくなったことや、1986年にアメリカ議会が包括的反アパルトヘイト法を採択したことなどが含まれる。また、多くの多国籍企業が南アフリカから撤退した。

これらの措置は南アフリカ経済に壊滅的な打撃を与え、プレトリアはアフリカ民族会議(ANC)との直接交渉に入ることを余儀なくされた。これは最終的に、1990年に公式交渉の開始、暫定憲法の採択、1993年に暫定行政評議会の設立、1994年に同国初の民主的選挙の実施へと導いた。

1995年にマンデラ氏が南アフリカ大統領に就任したのち、三者部会の作業は中断された。三者部会の最終会合で、部会長は「南アフリカで起きた重要かつ極めて前向きな進展を歓迎した」。

三者部会の再開

重要なのは、部会長が1995年に三者部会の活動を停止すること提案した際、アパルトヘイト条約草案について、「制度化されたアパルトヘイト制度のもとで人種隔離を実践する可能性のあるすべての国に適用される」と指摘したことである。部会長は、同部会の作業を中断するという決定が下されたことが、「条約の監視メカニズムを今後再開することに予断を与えるものではない」と説明した。

1973年アパルトヘイト条約の16締約国が、国際司法裁判所への申立において、イスラエルがパレスチナ人にアパルトヘイト体制を押し付けているという主張を公言している。このことを踏まえれば、これらの国が国連人権高等弁務官事務所に対し、アパルトヘイト条約の実施に関する報告書を提出し、三者部会の作業を運用・再開することを提案するよう求めるのは理にかなっている。国連人権理事会を設立した総会決議60/251(2006年)1項・5項(g)・6項は、同機関がアパルトヘイト条約を含む人権委員会の役割と責任を引き受けるという期待を創り出すものであった。

ナミビアは陳述書(19頁67段落)の中で、2022年9月に同国の外交代表が人権理事会で行った演説に言及し、「グリーンラインの両側におけるパレスチナ人に対するイスラエルのアパルトヘイト慣行に専門的に対処するメカニズム設置の可能性を探る」よう求めた。

ナミビアは、そして1973年アパルトヘイト条約の締約国でもあるパレスチナも、人権理事会や他の志を同じくする国との話し合いの中で、イスラエルのアパルトヘイト慣行に専門的に対処するメカニズムを――三者部会であれ他のメカニズムであれ――再び設置する選択肢を探ることができるだろう。これらの国は、人権理事会に対し、三者部会が政府関係者ではなく、独立した専門家集団によって構成されるよう改革を求めることを検討してもよいだろう。また、人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトとそれに類似する慣行に関する特別報告者を任命し、人権理事会に毎年報告させる可能性を探ることもできる。

ナミビア、パレスチナ、そして他の志を同じくする国は、この段階を踏む前に、国際司法裁判所が勧告的意見を発するのを待つ必要はないだろう。すでに1973年アパルトヘイト条約の16締約国と、さらに8カ国が、イスラエルの政策が差別的である、あるいは国際法上のアパルトヘイト禁止に違反しているとして、世界法廷での記録を残しており、十分すぎるほどの支持を得ている。

これらの国はさらに、人権理事会に明確に言及するようにアパルトヘイト条約の条項を更新することで、条約自体の改正を検討することを望むかもしれない。アパルトヘイト条約は、その条項の改正に柔軟性がある。条約17条によれば、改正の要請は、事務総長宛の書面による通知によって、締約国がいつでも行うことができる。総会は、そのような要請に関してとるべき措置がある場合には、それを決定する。

国連武器貿易条約

国際司法裁判所裁判官の多数意見が慎重な言葉遣いと理知的で権威ある意見を発し、パレスチナ被占領地域における人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトの適用可能性に言及することで、国連武器貿易条約の締約国にも影響を及ぼす可能性がある。というのも、同条約6条3項は、以下のような場合、通常兵器・弾薬・予備部品のいかなる移転も禁止しているからである。

すなわち、締約国が、「当該通常兵器または物品がジェノサイド、人道に対する犯罪、1994年ジュネーヴ諸条約の重大な違反行為、民用物もしくは文民として保護されるものに対する攻撃または自国が当事国である国際協定に定める他の戦争犯罪の実行に使用されるであろうことを知っている場合」である。

オランダ・ハーグ控訴裁判所が最近下した決定は、イスラエルへのF-35部品のさらなる出荷を停止するというもので、イスラエルへの武器移転を制限する先例となる可能性がある。マーテン・ズワネンブルク(Marten Zwanenburg)とヨープ・ヴォーテリンク(Joop Voetelink)の両法学教授が説明するように、同裁判所は、戦略物資政令(Strategic Goods Decree)――デュアル・ユースと軍事用品の貿易に関する一定の国内規則について規定――が国際法基準をオランダ国内法に編入したものであるとの見解を示した。これらの基準には、国連武器貿易条約や欧州連合法に由来する義務が含まれており、オランダはイスラエルへの武器輸出が国際法に違反しないことを保障する必要がある。これらの義務は、オランダ政府に対し、1949年ジュネーブ諸条約とその追加議定書の「尊重を確保するため」、ガザへの武器提供について新規の調査を行うことを要件としている。

オランダの訴訟は、主にジュネーブ諸条約と1948年ジェノサイド条約に基づく義務に焦点を当てたが、国連武器貿易条約は「人道に対する犯罪」にも言及している。このような犯罪は国際刑事裁判所の検察官の〔捜査〕範囲に属するが、パレスチナ被占領地域におけるイスラエルの政策と慣行が人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトに違反するという国際司法裁判所の権威ある理知的な意見は、国内法廷でイスラエルへの武器供与の継続に異議を唱えるための新たな根拠となりうる。以下に説明するように、国家がアパルトヘイト犯罪を実行していることを証明するのは、ジェノサイド犯罪を証明するよりも容易である。

ジェノサイド条約に基づく訴訟の困難さは、イギリスによるイスラエルへの継続的な武器提供に対する司法審査請求が、2002年輸出管理法( Export Control Act)9条に基づき策定された戦略的輸出許可基準(Strategic Export Licensing Criteria)に従って、最近棄却されたことからも明らかである。高等法院がこの請求を棄却した理由の一つは、武器移転に関する許可条件の見直しにおいて、ビジネス・通商相の判断に誤りはなかったという見解である。これにはジェノサイドのリスクの見直しも含まれていた(アル・ハク(Al Haq)対ビジネス・通商相およびBAEシステムズ、エア(Eyre)裁判官命令、2024年2月19日、10段落(著者ファイル))。裁判所は、ビジネス・通商相が主張した略式の根拠を受け入れたようである。すなわち、「ジェノサイドを防止する義務は、ジェノサイドが実行される前に発生する必要があるが、ジェノサイドが……実際に発生しない限り、ジェノサイド条約違反は……存在しない」という根拠である。ビジネス・通商相は、ジェノサイドの実行に必要な具体的意図を結論づけるための閾値が「高度」であり、ジェノサイドを実行する意図は、国際人道法の大規模違反とは対照的に、国家の行動から「唯一合理的な推論」でなければならないと主張した。

ジェノサイド犯罪は、保護される集団を「それ自体として」「全部または一部を破壊する」という特定の意図を証明するための高い閾値を持つ。これとは対照的に、人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトは、ローマ規程のもとで、人道に対する犯罪が「一の人種的集団が他の一以上の人種的集団を組織的に抑圧し、及び支配する制度化された体制との関連において、かつ、当該体制を維持する意図をもって行うもの」であることを要件としている。この特定の意図という要件は、国家がその行為によってそのような体制を維持しようと意図したことを証明することである。この種の意図は、ジェノサイドの意図よりも容易に証明することができる。なぜなら、アパルトヘイト体制を維持するという国家の意図は、国家の憲法・法律・行政行為・政策・慣行・公式声明などの公文書を参照することで立証できるからである。このような評価は、(1966年南西アフリカ事件判決で反対した判事が行ったように)国際司法裁判所が適切に行いうるものである。

さらに、イギリスは1973年アパルトヘイト条約の締約国ではないが、アパルトヘイトを重大な違反行為と定義するジュネーブ諸条約第一追加議定書や、アパルトヘイトを人道に対する犯罪と定義するローマ規程には加盟している。

したがって、イスラエルがアパルトヘイト犯罪に関与しているという国際司法裁判所の判断は、イギリスの意思決定権者や、のちにイスラエルへの武器売却の合法性に関する判断を見直すイギリスの裁判所(および同様の問題を判断する他の国内裁判所)にとって、重大な反響を及ぼす可能性がある。

分断された世界で国際法を実現する

冷戦時代、南アフリカは、アメリカ・イギリス・欧州経済共同体という主要な経済的・軍事的パートナーによって擁護されていた。同様に、これらの国は、今日ではイスラエルを擁護し続けている。

国連安保理が冷戦の大部分で暗礁に乗り上げていたため、社会主義圏と第三世界の国は、南アフリカに対して国際法を実現するために、アドホック組織――国連反アパルトヘイト特別委員会や三者部会など――を創設した。今日、世界は同様に分裂している。だからこそ、国連反アパルトヘイト特別委員会や三者部会の再結成が検討されるべきなのである。すでに説明したように、国際司法裁判所でアパルトヘイトを主張した国は今や、裁判所の勧告的意見を待つことなく、国連の特別機関を創設し、パレスチナ人に対するアパルトヘイトという人道に対する犯罪を実行したイスラエルに対する措置を調整・実施させるための具体的な措置をとることができる。

各国はまた、国際犯罪の実行に用いられる危険性が明らかな武器をイスラエルに移転することで、国連武器貿易条約の義務に違反することがないように確保するべきである。

The post イスラエルが人道に対する犯罪としてのアパルトヘイトを実行しているという国際司法裁判所による認定の含意 appeared first on Just Security.

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The Implications of An ICJ Finding that Israel is Committing the Crime Against Humanity of Apartheid https://www.justsecurity.org/93403/the-implications-of-an-icj-finding-that-israel-is-committing-the-crime-against-humanity-of-apartheid-2/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-implications-of-an-icj-finding-that-israel-is-committing-the-crime-against-humanity-of-apartheid-2 Wed, 20 Mar 2024 12:55:08 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=93403 Reconstituting the U.N. Special Committee Against Apartheid and the Group of Three should be given due consideration.

The post The Implications of An ICJ Finding that Israel is Committing the Crime Against Humanity of Apartheid appeared first on Just Security.

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This article is also available in Japanese here.

Last month, more than fifty States gathered before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to express their views on the legality of Israel’s prolonged occupation of East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza. The hearings, which relate to a December 2022 request from the United Nations General Assembly for an advisory opinion regarding this issue, spanned six days and closed on Feb. 26.

While almost all States that participated in the proceedings took the opportunity to express their views on the illegality of the occupation, 24 States and three international organizations made the further claim that Israel’s policies and practices amount to a system of institutionalized racial discrimination and domination breaching the prohibition of apartheid under international law and/or amount to prohibited acts of racial discrimination.

The claim that Israel is imposing a racially discriminatory regime on Palestinians is significant, coming thirty years after the end of apartheid in South Africa, and 53 years since the ICJ last addressed the matter in Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa). In its 1971 Namibia advisory opinion, the ICJ found that the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia was illegal, and that South Africa was under an obligation to withdraw its administration immediately. In the process of reaching this conclusion, the ICJ explained that the establishment and enforcement of a system of apartheid constituted “a denial of fundamental human rights” and amounted to “a flagrant violation of the purposes and principles of the [U.N.] Charter.”

The arguments before the ICJ with respect to Israel’s policies and practices break new ground. For the first time, States are claiming before the “world court” that apartheid is being practiced by a U.N. Member State beyond Southern Africa. Of the States that advance this claim, 16 are parties to the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. As explained below, these States could request that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) take steps to reactivate its treaty monitoring body, which was suspended in 1995 following South Africa’s first multi-racial election held with universal adult suffrage that led to the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as President. These States might also consider re-establishing the U.N. Special Committee Against Apartheid.

An authoritative apartheid finding by the ICJ could also have repercussions for States Parties to the U.N. Arms Trade Treaty. This is because apartheid, in addition to being a prohibited act under international law, is also a crime against humanity and a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions.

Apartheid Before the ICJ

Apartheid is hardly a novel topic for the ICJ. The Court has at its fingertips a rich jurisprudence arising from South Africa’s prolonged and illegal administration of South West Africa, now Namibia, from 1946 until 1990, where a racially discriminatory regime was imposed on the people of Namibia that led to four advisory opinions (1950, 1955, 1956, 1971), and a contentious case (1960-1966).

In this regard, it is significant that, in its July 2023 written statement to the Court, Namibia drew attention to “its own historical experience of systematic racial discrimination imposed by South Africa” (para 7 c.) Namibia devoted the overwhelming majority of its written statement to explaining why Israel’s policies and practices violate the prohibition of apartheid in customary international law and Article 3 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), which obliges States Parties to prevent, prohibit, and eradicate all practices of racial segregation and apartheid in territories under their jurisdiction, and which both bind Israel.

Namibia also advanced the argument in its written statement that the definition of apartheid in Article II of the 1973 Apartheid Convention reflects customary international law. Namibia further noted that Article I of the 1973 Apartheid Convention defines apartheid as a crime against humanity giving rise to individual criminal responsibility. Apartheid is also defined as a crime against humanity giving rise to individual criminal responsibility in Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court  (ICC Statute).

Although Israel is not party to either the Apartheid Convention or the Rome Statute, by my count, 166 States from all over the globe have ratified at least one of these treaties, providing a solid foundation for the claim that the crime, whose definition overlaps with the definition of the crime of genocide, reflects customary international law. Practices of racial discrimination and apartheid also breach a peremptory norm of general international law.

The Significance of the Apartheid Claim

The arguments advanced in the proceedings before the ICJ that Israel has imposed an apartheid regime on Palestinians could in due course be even more consequential than the case South Africa brought against Israel under the 1948 Genocide Convention – even though advisory opinions are not formally binding on the U.N. organ (in this case the U.N. General Assembly) that requested it.

This is because the United Nations created special mechanisms to coordinate efforts to eradicate apartheid during the Cold War when the U.N. Security Council was divided (much in the way that it is divided today). While these mechanisms have been dormant for decades, they could be revived if there is political will. The fact that so many States went on the record to claim before the ICJ that apartheid is being perpetrated by a U.N. Member State could facilitate these efforts.

The U.N. Special Committee Against Apartheid

One of the mechanisms established to eradicate apartheid during the Cold War was the Special Committee Against Apartheid, which the U.N. General Assembly established in 1962. As law professor John Reynolds explains, “With the dismantling of apartheid in South Africa the special committee was dissolved by the UN. But in the meantime, a consensus has developed across global civil society that ‘the apartheid crime’ continues to occur in another place: Palestine.” Reynolds drew attention to the global coalition of 285 civil society organizations that in September 2023 called for the Special Committee Against Apartheid to be re-established to investigate allegations of Israeli apartheid.

The Special Committee against Apartheid, led by the late E.S. Reddy, played a pivotal role in coordinating efforts to end apartheid in South Africa. It was mandated to report on institutionalized racism in South Africa to the U.N. General Assembly and the Security Council. Re-establishing the Special Committee would require support from the General Assembly as well as funding, and one may expect opposition from some States – but this opposition was also prevalent during the Cold War but did not prevent the Special Committee from undertaking important work. For where there is political will, there is often a way – and the momentum created by the advisory proceedings, not to mention the catastrophic situation in Gaza, may provide the necessary support to re-establish it. And unlike the Security Council, General Assembly resolutions are not subject to Security Council vetoes and would not require consensus.

The Group of Three

A complementary mechanism to the Special Committee Against Apartheid that might be more straightforward to establish, as it was never dissolved, is the 1973 Apartheid Convention’s treaty monitoring mechanism, known as the “Group of Three.”

The Group of Three comprised three representatives of States Parties to the Apartheid Convention who were appointed by the Chairman of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights. The group met between 1978 and 1993 when it examined 129 reports by States Parties. While most of these reports concerned apartheid in Southern Africa, several States, such as Qatar, referred to Israel’s policies and practices toward the Palestinian people as falling within the territorial scope of Article II of the 1973 Apartheid Convention. Article II defines “the crime of apartheid” as including “similar policies and practices of racial segregation and discrimination as practised in southern Africa.” The crime is defined as applying to several “inhuman acts” that are crimes in ordinary law (murder, genocide, torture, persecution, forced labour etc.) as well as violations of human rights (discrimination, restrictions on freedom of expression, of movement, residence, occupation, and the right to work etc.). These “inhuman acts” are listed in Article II, paragraphs (a) to (f) of the Apartheid Convention. They are defined as comprising the “crime of apartheid” when they are “committed for the purpose of establishing and maintaining domination by one racial group of persons over any other racial group of persons and systematically oppressing them.”

The work of Group of Three included, among other functions, circulating the names of individuals, organizations, and institutions suspected of committing, aiding, or abetting the crime against humanity of apartheid to all U.N. Member States where they were placed on a “blacklist” that was brought to the attention of the U.N. Secretary General, States, and competent U.N. bodies; drawing up a Statute for a permanent international penal tribunal for trying the crime of apartheid as envisaged by Article V of the Convention; and drawing attention to the role of transnational corporations in sustaining apartheid in Southern Africa.

Like the U.N. Special Committee, the Group of Three aimed to pressure both governments that committed the crime of apartheid and also those that supported it. In fact, its work went beyond just drawing attention to human rights violations, and reporting on compliance with the penal provisions of the 1973 Apartheid Convention, to holding individuals and institutions to account.

It is difficult to gauge how impactful the Group of Three was, but between 1984-1987, when the group was operating at its height, there was what scholar Joseph Hanlon called a “sanctions juggernaut” that saw many governments impose measures against South Africa. These included the decision by the United States not to roll over loans in 1985, which forced South Africa to freeze payments on its short-term debts, and the adoption by the U.S. Congress of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in 1986.  Many transnational corporations also withdrew from the country.

These measures had a devastating impact on the South African economy forcing Pretoria to enter direct negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC), which eventually led to the start of official negotiations in 1990, the adoption of an interim constitution, the formation of a Transitional Executive Council in 1993, and the country’s first democratic elections, held in 1994.

Following the inauguration of Mandela as president of South Africa in 1995, the work of the Group of Three was suspended. During the final meeting of the Group of Three, the Chairwoman “welcomed the significant and very positive developments that had occurred in South Africa.”

Re-establishing the Group of Three

Significantly, when the Chairwoman proposed to suspend the work of the Group of Three in 1995, she noted that the Apartheid Convention as drafted “applied to any country that might practise racial segregation under an institutionalized apartheid system.” She explained that the decision to suspend the work of the group was taken, “without prejudice to any subsequent reactivation of the monitoring mechanism of the Convention.”

Given that 16 States Parties to the 1973 Apartheid Convention are on the record making the claim that Israel is imposing an apartheid regime on Palestinians in their submissions to the ICJ, it would make sense for these States to ask the OHCHR to submit a report on the implementation of the Apartheid Convention with proposals for operationalizing and reconvening the work of the group. Paragraphs 1, 5(g), and 6 of General Assembly resolution 60/251 (2006), which established the U.N. Human Rights Council, created an expectation that the body would assume the role and responsibilities of the Commission on Human Rights, including with respect to the Apartheid Convention.

In its written statement (p. 19, para. 67), Namibia referred to a speech its diplomatic representative made before the Human Rights Council in September 2022 when Namibia implored it to “explore the possibility of establishing a mechanism to deal exclusively with Israeli apartheid practices against the Palestinian people on both sides of the Green Line.”

Namibia — and even Palestine, which is also a State Party to the 1973 Apartheid Convention — could explore in discussions with the Human Rights Council and with other like-minded States options to re-establish a mechanism to deal exclusively with Israeli apartheid practices, whether this is the Group of Three or some other mechanism. These States may want to consider asking the Human Rights Council to reform the Group of Three to ensure that it is comprised of a group of independent experts, rather than government officials. They could even explore the possibility of appointing a special rapporteur on the crime against humanity of apartheid and apartheid-like practices who would report annually to the Human Rights Council.

Namibia, Palestine, and other like-minded States would not need to wait for the ICJ to deliver its advisory opinion before taking this step. They already have more than enough support with 16 States Parties to the 1973 Apartheid Convention, and an additional 8 States, on the record, before the world court, as describing Israel’s policies as discriminatory, or in breach of the prohibition of apartheid under international law.

These States may additionally want to consider amending the Apartheid Convention itself by updating its provisions to refer to the Human Rights Council explicitly. The Convention is flexible in revising its provisions. According to Article XVII of the Convention, a request for revision may be made at any time by any State Party by means of a notification in writing addressed to the Secretary General. The General Assembly shall decide upon the steps, if any, to be taken in respect of such request.

The U.N. Arms Trade Treaty

A carefully worded, reasoned, and authoritative opinion from a majority of ICJ judges that addresses the applicability of the crime against humanity of apartheid in the occupied Palestinian territories could also have repercussions for States Parties to the U.N. Arms Trade Treaty. This is because Article 6(3) of the Treaty prohibits any transfer of conventional arms, ammunition, and spare parts, if a State Party:

has knowledge at the time of authorization that the arms or items would be use in the commission of genocide, crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, attacks directed against civilian objects or civilians protected as such, or other war crimes as defined by international agreements to which it is a Party.

A recent decision by the Appeals Court of The Hague in the Netherlands, which resulted in the suspension of further shipment of F-35 parts to Israel, could provide a precedent for restricting arms transfers to Israel. As law professors Marten Zwanenburg and Joop Voetelink explain, the court took the view that the Strategic Goods Decree – which establishes certain national rules on trade in both dual-use and military goods – imported international law standards into domestic Dutch law. These standards included obligations flowing from U.N. Arms Trade Treaty and European Union law, which require the Netherlands to ensure that its export of arms to Israel does not violate international law. These obligations require the Dutch government to make a fresh review of the provision of arms to Gaza “to ensure respect” for the 1949 Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols.

The Dutch litigation mainly focused on obligations under the Geneva Conventions and the 1948 Genocide Convention, but the U.N. Arms Trade Treaty also refers to “crimes against humanity.” While such crimes fall within the purview of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, an authoritative and reasoned opinion from the ICJ that Israel’s policies and practices in the occupied Palestinian territories breach the crime against humanity of apartheid, could provide an additional ground to challenge the continued provision of weapons to Israel in domestic courts. As explained below, it is easier to prove that a State is committing the crime of apartheid than it is to prove the crime of genocide.

The difficulties with litigation based on the Genocide Convention was apparent from the rejection of a recent application for judicial review of the United Kingdom’s ongoing provision of arms to Israel pursuant to the Strategic Export Licensing Criteria made pursuant to section 9 of the Export Control Act 2002. One of the reasons why the High Court rejected the claim was its view that the Secretary of State for Business and Trade made no error of law in its review of the license conditions for weapons transfers because the government was keeping its options under review. This included a review of the risk of genocide. (Al Haq v Secretary of State for Business and Trade and BAE Systems Plc, Order of Justice Eyre, Feb. 19 2024, para 10, on file with author). The Court appeared to accept the summary grounds advanced by the Secretary of State for Business and Trade that, “the obligation to prevent genocide will need to occur prior to the commission of genocide, [but] there is no violation of the Genocide Convention … unless genocide… has actually occurred.” The Secretary of State argued that the threshold for concluding that the specific intent required for the commission of genocide is a “high one” and that an intention to commit genocide must be “the only reasonable inference” from a State’s actions, as opposed to mass violations of international humanitarian law.

In contrast to the crime of genocide, with its high threshold to prove specific intent “to destroy, in whole or in part,” a protected group, “as such,” the crime against humanity of apartheid, under the Rome Statute, requires that crimes against humanity are “committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime.” The specific intent requirement is to demonstrate that a State intended to maintain such a regime by its conduct. This type of intent can be demonstrated more easily than genocidal intent as a State’s intention to maintain an apartheid regime can be established by references to public documents, such as a State’s constitution, laws, administrative acts, policies, practices, and official statements. This is the kind of assessment the ICJ is well placed to conduct (as the dissenting judges did in the 1966 South West Africa judgment).

Further, although the U.K. is not party to the 1973 Apartheid Convention, it is party to Additional Protocol 1 to the Geneva Conventions, which defines apartheid as a grave breach, and the Rome Statute, which defines apartheid as a crime against humanity.

An ICJ determination that Israel is engaged in the crime of apartheid could therefore have significant repercussions for U.K. decisionmakers and for a U.K. court subsequently reviewing their decisions on the legality of arms sales to Israel (and for other domestic courts determining similar issues).

Enforcing International Law in a Divided World

During the Cold War, South Africa was protected by the United States, the U.K., and the European Economic Community, its main economic and military partners, much in the way that these States continue to protect Israel today.

Given that the U.N. Security Council was deadlocked for much of the Cold War, the Socialist Bloc and Third World States created ad hoc institutions – such as the U.N. Special Committee Against Apartheid and the Group of Three – to enforce international law against South Africa. Today the world is similarly divided. This is why reconstituting the U.N. Special Committee Against Apartheid and the Group of Three should be given due consideration. As explained above, those States that made an apartheid claim before the ICJ could now take concrete steps – without waiting for the ICJ’s advisory opinion – to create special U.N. bodies to coordinate and implement measures against Israel for perpetrating the crime against humanity of apartheid against the Palestinian people.

States should also ensure that they do not breach their obligations under the U.N. Arms Trade Treaty by transferring arms to Israel where there is a clear risk that these weapons are being used to commit international crimes.

Victor Kattan is Assistant Professor of Public International Law at the University of Nottingham. He is writing a book on Apartheid as a Crime against Humanity for Oxford University Press. He is the author of one monograph, four edited books, and more than thirty single authored articles that have been published in peer reviewed journals. 

IMAGE: A picture taken from Israel near the border with the Gaza Strip on March 6, 2024 shows an Israeli army tank moving along the border area, as battles between Israel and Hamas continue. (Photo by JACK GUEZ/AFP via Getty Images)

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Міжнародне право в умовах російської агресії в Україні: Погляд зі Львова https://www.justsecurity.org/92560/international-law-in-the-face-of-russias-aggression-in-ukraine-the-view-from-lviv-ua/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=international-law-in-the-face-of-russias-aggression-in-ukraine-the-view-from-lviv-ua Thu, 22 Feb 2024 13:57:10 +0000 https://www.justsecurity.org/?p=92560 Оголошуємо про проведення симпозіуму з українськими та міжнародними експертами з міжнародного права, який буде проведено у грудні 2023 року у Львові, Україна.

The post Міжнародне право в умовах російської агресії в Україні: Погляд зі Львова appeared first on Just Security.

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(This article is also available in English here. Переклад статті здійснений завдяки Галині Вдовенко.)

У будь-якому вимірі, російська збройна агресія проти України є руйнівною. Відтоді, як 24 лютого 2022 року почалося повномасштабне вторгнення Росії, понад 10 тисяч цивільних осіб було вбито і понад півмільйона людей поранено на території, яка нині всіяна мінами та небезпечно розміщеними ядерними об’єктами. Більше того, близько 3,7 мільйона цивільних осіб змушені були внутрішньо переміщені, понад 6 мільйонів шукають притулку за кордоном, а 14,6 мільйонів потребують гуманітарної допомоги. Якщо поглянути на анексію Криму та війну на Донбасі у 2014 році, то ці числа набагато більші. Це, звичайно, історія про війну – завжди і всюди.

Жахіття війни – це реальність, яка була дуже відчутною для тих, хто розробляв Статут ООН у 1945 році. 51 держава, які тоді складали новостворену Організацію Об’єднаних Націй, прагнули, згідно зі статтею 2(4) Статуту, раз і назавжди покласти край використанню війни як законного засобу державотворення. Сьогодні 193 держави-члени ООН, серед яких чимало тих, що після Другої світової війни все ще перебували під колоніальним режимом, розходяться в думках з багатьох питань, але ідея суверенітету як опори проти прямого підпорядкування з боку іноземної держави залишається основоположною.

На такому підґрунті збройна агресія Росії проти України підняла цілу низку складних питань – насамперед для українців, проте водночас і для кожної держави, що має стосунок до міжнародного права. Що означає (і чи повинен означати) суверенний імунітет перед загрозою агресії? Яку роль відіграють санкції під час стримування поведінки держави, яка свідомо порушує основоположні норми міжнародного права? Як забезпечити компенсацію жертвам війни? Яка роль міжнародного права у часи воєнного конфлікту? Дебати щодо цих та багатьох інших питань виникають та відображають виклики, як подібні, так і відмінні, у конфліктах, що відбуваються далеко за межами кордонів України.

Разом з Українською асоціацією міжнародного права, яка працювала з іншими важливими стейкхолдерами, такими як Асоціація правників України, Американське товариство міжнародного права допомогло скликати зустріч юристів-міжнародників, що відбулася 7-10 грудня 2023 року у Львові, на заході України.

Ні дата, ні місце проведення заходу не були випадковими. 9 грудня 2023 року виповнилося 75 років Конвенції ООН про запобігання геноциду та покарання за нього. 10 грудня 2023 року виповнилося 75 років Загальній декларації прав людини. Саміт проходив у залі Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка – тій самій залі, де нацистський юрист, генерал-губернатор Ганс Франк виголосив свою сумнозвісну промову про “остаточне рішення”. Однак, учасники Саміту зібралися з відмінною метою.

Львів, що характерно, був домівкою для трьох ключових постатей у міжнародному праві, кожен з яких був змушений покинути свою домівку і зазнав особистого й непоправного впливу Голокосту. Двоє з цих юристів, Сер Герш Лаутерпахт та Луїс Зон, ще за життя були прославлені за свій величезний внесок у міжнародне право. Вплив третього, Рафаеля Лемкіна, був визнаний лише після його смерті. Усі троє були активними членами Американського товариства міжнародного права, де обговорювалися їх нові та радикальні на той час ідеї.

Лаутерпахт, як відомо багатьом читачам, розробив концепцію злочинів проти людяності та сформував нормативні засади визнання ролі особи в міжнародному праві, що знайшло відображення у Загальній декларації прав людини.

Зон відіграв ключову роль у фундаментальних моментах створення Організації Об’єднаних Націй, допомагаючи концептуалізувати статтю 51 Статуту ООН про право на самооборону, а пізніше – забезпечити юрисдикційний режим Міжнародного Суду ООН.

Лемкін, обурений знищенням людей за ознакою їх групової приналежності, запровадив термін “геноцид”, створив понятійну правову концепцію злочину геноциду та наполегливо добивався ухвалення Конвенції ООН про Геноцид.

Ландшафт міжнародного права суттєво змінився з часів Лемкіна, Зона та Лаутерпахта, і сьогодні Україна ставить під сумнів прості бінарні системи. Як обговорюють Патрик Лабуда і Тарас Лешкович, у майбутньому есе на цьому симпозіумі, Україна розташована в регіоні, який неможливо відокремити від її історії колоніалізму, расизму і широкої імперської боротьби. Україна не піддається категоризації як частина “Заходу” чи “Глобального Півдня”, проте значна частина наукової літератури намагається прийняти цю реальність. Як показують ці та інші автори, взаємодія з міжнародним правом в Україні – або в контексті будь-якої іншої країни – сьогодні вимагає балансу між універсальними принципами права та специфічними контекстами, в яких воно застосовується.

Під час зустрічі у Львові в грудні 2023 року, усвідомлюючи історичне значення місця, де ми зібралися, українські та закордонні юристи-міжнародники обговорювали, слухали, дебатували, вчилися і зобов’язалися підтримувати постійний діалог про те, що міжнародне право означає, повинно і може означати для України, а також про те, що агресія Росії проти України означає, повинна і може означати для міжнародного права зараз і в майбутньому.

Наше рішення започаткувати такий симпозіум конкретно в цей день є також усвідомленим. Сьогодні ми знаходимося на півдорозі між двома важливими річницями. Одна з них широко відома – 24 лютого виповнюється два роки з початку повномасштабного вторгнення Росії в Україну. Проте раніше цього тижня відбулася ще одна річниця, про яку майже не згадували за межами України: 20 лютого виповнилося десять років відтоді, як Росія спробувала анексувати Крим. Значна частина міжнародної спільноти засуджує ці дії, а Сполучені Штати очолюють коаліцію, яка запроваджує санкції у відповідь на ці дії. Але, можливо, нездатність держав достатньо жорстко протистояти зухвалим порушенням міжнародного права Путіним у 2014 році, а до того – в Чечні та Грузії, відкрила йому простір для подальших дій.

Подібно до метастазів, порушення міжнародного порядку в Криму поширилося на східну Україну, а потім і на решту території країни, що стало каталізатором набагато глибших питань щодо збереження міжнародного правопорядку. Як писав на цих сторінках український юрист-міжнародник Максим Віщик всього через три тижні після повномасштабного вторгнення Росії: “Міжнародне право ніколи не було альтруїстичним, всемогутнім чи всемилосердним: ми звикли романтизувати його, сидячи в наших безпечних домівках далеко від Донбасу, Сирії, Афганістану, Руанди чи Балкан”.

Звичайно, порівняно невелика кількість людей, в глобальному розумінні, коли-небудь мали розкіш романтизувати міжнародне право. Безумовно, для Лемкіна, Зона й Лаутерпахта недоліки міжнародного права відчувалися дуже гостро. Але вони також були переконані, що якими б не були його вади, шлях вперед вимагає зміцнення і переосмислення міжнародного права, а не відходу від нього. Повертаючись до слів Віщика: “Ми можемо звинувачувати міжнародне право в його неспроможності запобігти війні в Україні чи зупинити її, і ми маємо моральне право це робити. Але ми зустріли війну в Україні з тим інструментарієм, який був недоступний нашим попередникам у 1914 та 1939 роках. Лише завдяки твердій позиції юристів-міжнародників попередніх епох, їхній вірі в цінності, за які вони боролися, їхньому терпінню та передбачливості, міжнародне право еволюціонувало далеко поза те, де воно було століття тому”.

В рамках цього заходу ми запросили декого з тих, хто відвідав Львів, поділитися своїми думками щодо питань, які є специфічними для України, але мають велике значення для майбутнього розвитку міжнародного права в глобальному сенсі. Протягом наступних місяців будуть опубліковані відповідні есе:

  • Антон Кориневич та Марні Чік про Відстоювання законних прав України;
  • Іван Городиський про Суверенний імунітет перед загрозою агресії та звірства;
  • Фабриціо Гуарілья про Міжнародні злочини у формуванні екосистеми підзвітності;
  • Перрі Бечкі про роль санкцій у стримуванні поведінки Російської Федерації;
  • Захар Тропін про Цивільну компенсацію
  • Люсінда Лоу про Право та Розвиток
  • Юлія Фисун про Повернення, Післявоєнну міграцію та Інклюзивність

Доповідь підготовлена за редакції Катерини Бусол, Ольги Буткевич, Майкла Купера, Ребекки Гамільтон, Грегорі Шаффера та Світлани Старосвіт.

* * *

Ольга Буткевич – Президентка Української асоціації міжнародного права та завідувачка кафедри міжнародного права Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка.

Ребекка Гамільтон (@bechamilton) – виконавча редакторка журналу Just Security та доцентка юридичного факультету Американського університету, юридичний коледж Вашингтону.

Грегорі Шаффер (@gregorycshaffer) – Президент Американського товариства міжнародного права та професор міжнародного права Університету Джорджтауна ім. Скотта К. Гінзбурга.

IMAGE: People gather at Lychakiv Cemetery to commemorate the fallen Ukrainian soldiers on December 6, 2023 in Lviv, Ukraine. (Photo by Les Kasyanov/Global Images Ukraine via Getty Images)

The post Міжнародне право в умовах російської агресії в Україні: Погляд зі Львова appeared first on Just Security.

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